
import pandas as pd 
import numpy as np
from lxml import etree
import os
import re
import warnings
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.colors as mcolors
import plotly.express as px
import plotly.io as pio
import nltk
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
import string
nltk.download('punkt')
nltk.download('stopwords')
stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))

[nltk_data] Downloading package punkt to
[nltk_data]     C:\Users\Jiaqi\AppData\Roaming\nltk_data...
[nltk_data]   Package punkt is already up-to-date!
[nltk_data] Downloading package stopwords to
[nltk_data]     C:\Users\Jiaqi\AppData\Roaming\nltk_data...
[nltk_data]   Package stopwords is already up-to-date!


# warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=UserWarning)


pd.set_option('display.max_colwidth', -1)

C:\Users\Jiaqi\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_10512\3652881321.py:1: FutureWarning: Passing a negative integer is deprecated in version 1.0 and will not be supported in future version. Instead, use None to not limit the column width.
  pd.set_option('display.max_colwidth', -1)


# pd.set_option('display.max_rows', None)
pd.set_option('display.max_rows', 10)


# parse the xml file without namespaces

def parse_xml_to_df(xml_file):
    
    try:
        # Parse the XML file
        tree = etree.parse(xml_file)
        root = tree.getroot()
        
        # Get the filename without the extension
        filename = os.path.basename(xml_file)

        # Create a list to store the data
        data = []

        # Iterate over all elements in the XML file
        for element in root:
            # Create a dictionary to store the data for each element
            element_data = {}
            
            # add the filename
            element_data['source_filename'] = filename
            
            ## extract id
            eadid = root.find('.//eadid')
            if eadid is not None:
                element_data['ead_id'] = eadid.text.strip()  # Add strip() to remove leading and trailing white space
            
            publicid = eadid.get('publicid')
            if publicid is not None:
                result = re.search(r'::(.*)\.xml', publicid)
                if result:
                    public_id = result.group(1).split('::')[-1]
                    element_data['public_id'] = public_id    
            
            # Extract titleproper
            titleproper = root.find('.//titleproper')
            if titleproper is not None:
                element_data['titleproper'] = titleproper.text
            
            
            ## EXtract abstract
            abstract = element.find('.//abstract')
            if abstract is not None:
                element_data['abstract'] = abstract.text

            ## Extract language
            language = element.find('.//langmaterial')
            if language is not None:
                element_data['language'] = ''.join(language.itertext())

            ## Extract scopecontent
            scopecontent = element.findall('./scopecontent')
            if scopecontent:
                scopecontent_texts = []
                for sc in scopecontent:
                    paragraphs = sc.findall('./p')
                    if paragraphs:
                        for p in paragraphs:
                            p_text = ""
                            for child in p.itertext():
                                p_text += child
                            scopecontent_texts.append(p_text)
                element_data['scopecontent'] = '; '.join(scopecontent_texts)
            
            ## Extract controlaccess
            controlaccess = element.find('.//controlaccess')
            if controlaccess is not None:
                subjects = controlaccess.findall('.//subject')
                if subjects:
                    element_data['subjects'] = '; '.join([subject.text for subject in subjects])
                    # Extract the 'source' attribute for each 'subject' tag
                    element_data['subjects_source'] = '; '.join([subject.get('source') for subject in subjects if subject.get('source') is not None])

                genreforms = controlaccess.findall('.//genreform')
                if genreforms:
                    element_data['genreforms'] = '; '.join([genreform.text for genreform in genreforms])
                    # Extract the 'source' attribute for each 'genreform' tag
                    element_data['genreforms_source'] = '; '.join([genreform.get('source') for genreform in genreforms if genreform.get('source') is not None])

                geognames = controlaccess.findall('.//geogname')
                if geognames:
                    element_data['geognames'] = '; '.join([geogname.text for geogname in geognames])
                    # Extract the 'source' attribute for each 'geogname' tag
                    element_data['geognames_source'] = '; '.join([geogname.get('source') for geogname in geognames if geogname.get('source') is not None])

                persnames = controlaccess.findall('.//persname')
                if persnames:
                    element_data['persnames'] = '; '.join([persname.text for persname in persnames])
                    # Extract the 'source' attribute for each 'persname' tag
                    element_data['persnames_source'] = '; '.join([persname.get('source') for persname in persnames if persname.get('source') is not None])

                corpnames = controlaccess.findall('.//corpname')
                if corpnames:
                    element_data['corpnames'] = '; '.join([corpname.text for corpname in corpnames])
                    # Extract the 'source' attribute for each 'corpname' tag
                    element_data['corpnames_source'] = '; '.join([corpname.get('source') for corpname in corpnames if corpname.get('source') is not None])

                famnames = controlaccess.findall('.//famname')
                if famnames:
                    element_data['famnames'] = '; '.join([famname.text for famname in famnames])
                    # Extract the 'source' attribute for each 'famname' tag
                    element_data['famnames_source'] = '; '.join([famname.get('source') for famname in famnames if famname.get('source') is not None])

            ## Extract bioghist    
            bioghist = element.findall('./bioghist')
            if bioghist:
                bioghist_texts = []
                for bio in bioghist:
                    paragraphs = bio.findall('./p')
                    if paragraphs:
                        for p in paragraphs:
                            p_text = ""
                            for child in p.itertext():
                                p_text += child
                            bioghist_texts.append(p_text)
                element_data['bioghist'] = '; '.join(bioghist_texts)

            ## Extract custodhist
            custodhist = element.findall('./custodhist')
            if custodhist:
                custodhist_texts = []
                for cus in custodhist:
                    paragraphs = cus.findall('./p')
                    if paragraphs:
                        for p in paragraphs:
                            p_text = ""
                            for child in p.itertext():
                                p_text += child
                            custodhist_texts.append(p_text)
                element_data['custodhist'] = '; '.join(custodhist_texts)

            # Add the element data to the list of data
            data.append(element_data)

        # print(data)
        
        df = pd.DataFrame([d for d in data if len(d)>4])

    except:
        # If error, print the error message and skip the file
        print("Error parsing file:", xml_file)
        df = None
    
    return df


# Example for SCRC files:

namespaces = {
    "ead": "urn:isbn:1-931666-22-9",
    "xlink": "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink",
    "xsi": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
}


# Parse xml file with namespaces - (FOR SCRC files in our example)

def parse_xml_to_df_ns(xml_file):
    try:
        
        # Parse the XML file
        tree = etree.parse(xml_file)
        root = tree.getroot()
        
        # Get the filename without the extension
        filename = os.path.basename(xml_file)

        # Create a list to store the data
        data = []

        # Iterate over all elements in the XML file
        for element in root:
            # Create a dictionary to store the data for each element
            element_data = {}

            # add the filename
            element_data['source_filename'] = filename
        
            ## extract id
            eadid = root.find('.//ead:eadid', namespaces)
            if eadid is not None:
                element_data['ead_id'] = eadid.text.strip()  # Add strip() to remove leading and trailing white space

            publicid = eadid.get('publicid')
            if publicid is not None:
                result = re.search(r'::(.*)\.xml', publicid)
                if result:
                    public_id = result.group(1).split('::')[-1]
                    element_data['public_id'] = public_id

                    
            # Extract titleproper
            titleproper = root.find('.//ead:titleproper', namespaces)
            if titleproper is not None:
                element_data['titleproper'] = titleproper.text
                
                
            ## extract abstract
            abstract = element.find('.//ead:abstract', namespaces)
            if abstract is not None:
                element_data['abstract'] = abstract.text
             
            ## Extract language
            language = root.findall('.//ead:langmaterial', namespaces)[-1]
            if language is not None:
                element_data['language'] = ''.join(language.itertext())
                
            ## Extract scopecontent
            scopecontent = element.find('.//ead:scopecontent', namespaces)
            if scopecontent is not None:
                scopecontent_texts = []
                p_elements = scopecontent.findall('.//ead:p', namespaces)
                for p in p_elements:
                    p_text = ""
                    for child in p.itertext():
                        p_text += child
                    scopecontent_texts.append(p_text)
                element_data['scopecontent'] = '; '.join(scopecontent_texts)    

            
            ## Extract bioghist    
            bioghist = element.find('.//ead:bioghist', namespaces)
            if bioghist is not None:
                bioghist_texts = []
                p_elements = bioghist.findall('.//ead:p', namespaces)
                
                for p in p_elements:
                    p_text = ""
                    for child in p.itertext():
                        p_text += child
                    bioghist_texts.append(p_text)
                element_data['bioghist'] = '; '.join(bioghist_texts) 
           
            
            ## Extract custodhist    
            custodhist = element.find('.//ead:custodhist', namespaces)
            if custodhist is not None:
                custodhist_texts = []
                p_elements = custodhist.findall('.//ead:p', namespaces)
                
                for p in p_elements:
                    p_text = ""
                    for child in p.itertext():
                        p_text += child
                    custodhist_texts.append(p_text)
                element_data['custodhist'] = '; '.join(custodhist_texts)
            
            ## Extract controlaccess
            controlaccess = element.find('.//ead:controlaccess', namespaces)
            if controlaccess is not None:
                subjects = controlaccess.findall('.//ead:subject', namespaces)
                if subjects:
                    element_data['subjects'] = '; '.join([subject.text for subject in subjects])
                    element_data['subjects_source'] = '; '.join([subject.get('source') for subject in subjects if subject.get('source') is not None])

                genreforms = controlaccess.findall('.//ead:genreform', namespaces)
                if genreforms:
                    element_data['genreforms'] = '; '.join([genreform.text for genreform in genreforms])
                    element_data['genreforms_source'] = '; '.join([genreform.get('source') for genreform in genreforms if genreform.get('source') is not None])

                geognames = controlaccess.findall('.//ead:geogname', namespaces)
                if geognames:
                    element_data['geognames'] = '; '.join([geogname.text for geogname in geognames])
                    element_data['geognames_source'] = '; '.join([geogname.get('source') for geogname in geognames if geogname.get('source') is not None])

                persnames = controlaccess.findall('.//ead:persname', namespaces)
                if persnames:
                    element_data['persnames'] = '; '.join([persname.text for persname in persnames])
                    element_data['persnames_source'] = '; '.join([persname.get('source') for persname in persnames if persname.get('source') is not None])

                corpnames = controlaccess.findall('.//ead:corpname', namespaces)
                if corpnames:
                    element_data['corpnames'] = '; '.join([corpname.text for corpname in corpnames])
                    element_data['corpnames_source'] = '; '.join([corpname.get('source') for corpname in corpnames if corpname.get('source') is not None])

                famnames = controlaccess.findall('.//ead:famname', namespaces)
                if famnames:
                    element_data['famnames'] = '; '.join([famname.text for famname in famnames])
                    element_data['famnames_source'] = '; '.join([famname.get('source') for famname in famnames if famname.get('source') is not None])
                   
            # Add the element data to the list of data
            data.append(element_data)

        # Create a DataFrame from the list of data
        df = pd.DataFrame([d for d in data if len(d)>4])
        
    except:
        # If error, print the error message and skip the file
        print("Error parsing file:", xml_file)
        df = None

    return df


# file path

xml_file_1 = 'RCRC_Finding_Aid_List_Bentley/Finding_Aids/umich-bhl-0052.xml'
xml_file_2 = 'SCRC_XML/adler_20221006_152012_UTC__ead.xml'
xml_file_3 = 'Clements_Library_Philippine_Islands_EAD/hillardlow_final.xml'

# parse one xml file (without namespace)

df = parse_xml_to_df(xml_file_1)
df.style.set_properties(**{'text-align': 'left'}) # align text to the left (if needed)


# parse one xml file (with namespace)

df = parse_xml_to_df_ns(xml_file_2)
df.style.set_properties(**{'text-align': 'left'})


# Parsing Multiple XML Files (without namespace)

def parse_xml_folder_to_df(folder_path):
    # Create a list to store the dataframes for each file
    dfs = []
    
    # Loop over all XML files in the folder
    for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):
        if filename.endswith(".xml"):
            file_path = os.path.join(folder_path, filename)
            df = parse_xml_to_df(file_path)
            dfs.append(df)
    
    # Concatenate the dataframes into one dataframe
    result_df = pd.concat(dfs, ignore_index=True)
    
    return result_df

# Parsing Multiple XML Files (with namespace)

def parse_xml_folder_to_df_ns(folder_path):
    # Create a list to store the dataframes for each file
    dfs = []
    
    # Loop over all XML files in the folder
    for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):
        if filename.endswith(".xml"):
            file_path = os.path.join(folder_path, filename)
            df = parse_xml_to_df_ns(file_path)
            dfs.append(df)
    
    # Concatenate the dataframes into one dataframe
    result_df = pd.concat(dfs, ignore_index=True)
    
    return result_df


# select/ change local file path

folder1_path = "RCRC_Finding_Aid_List_Bentley/Finding_Aids"
folder2_path = "Clements_Library_Philippine_Islands_EAD"
folder3_path = "SCRC_XML"


# display parsed data - Bentley 

df1_Bentley = parse_xml_folder_to_df(folder1_path)
# df1_Bentley


# display parsed data - Clements
df2_Clements = parse_xml_folder_to_df(folder2_path)

df2_Clements


# display parsed data - SCRC 

df3_SCRC = parse_xml_folder_to_df_ns(folder3_path)

# df3_SCRC


# export

df1_Bentley.to_csv('df1_Bentley.csv', index=True)
df2_Clements.to_csv('df2_Clements.csv', index=True)
df3_SCRC.to_csv('df3_SCRC.csv', index=True)


# read in the txt file term list
with open('terms_all.txt', 'r') as f:
    terms = [line.strip() for line in f]


# check the term list we get from txt
# terms


# match term

def match_terms(row, terms, columns):
    results = []
    for term in terms:
        for col in columns:
            if not isinstance(row[col], float):
                # split the column into paragraphs
                paragraphs = row[col].split('\n')
                # loop through each paragraph
                for paragraph in paragraphs:
                    # check if the term is in the current paragraph
                    if re.search(r'\b' + re.escape(term) + r'\b', paragraph, re.IGNORECASE):
                        results.append({
                            'ead_id': row['ead_id'],
                            'source_filename': row['source_filename'],
                            'titleproper': row.get('titleproper', None), 
                            'Term': term, 
                            'Matched_Times': len(re.findall(r'\b' + re.escape(term) + r'\b', paragraph, re.IGNORECASE)),
                            'Matched_From': col, 
                            'Matched_Paragraph': paragraph
                        })
    return results


def match_and_visualize(df, name):
    # Match results
    results_df = pd.DataFrame([result for index, row in df.iterrows() for result in match_terms(row, terms, df.columns)])
    
    # Show matched results
    print("Matched results for ", name)
    display(results_df) # control dislay

    # Export to CSV
    results_df.to_csv('matched_results_' + name + '.csv', index=True)
    return results_df  # Return the DataFrame for later use


def calculate_term_frequency(df, df_name):
    term_frequency = df.groupby('Term')['Matched_Times'].sum().reset_index()
    term_frequency.rename(columns={'Matched_Times': 'Total_Frequency'}, inplace=True)
    term_frequency['DataFrame'] = df_name

    # Sort in descending order
    term_frequency.sort_values(by='Total_Frequency', ascending=False, inplace=True)
    
    # Show frequency table
    print("Term frequency for ", df_name)
    display(term_frequency)

    return term_frequency


# for each file pool
file_list = [(df1_Bentley, 'Bentley'), (df2_Clements, 'Clements'), (df3_SCRC, 'SCRC')]
matched_results = {name: match_and_visualize(df, name) for df, name in file_list}

Matched results for  Bentley

Matched results for  Clements

Matched results for  SCRC


def visualize_all(matched_results):
    term_frequencies = pd.concat([calculate_term_frequency(df, name) for name, df in matched_results.items()])

    # Define a color dictionary for each dataframe
    colors = {'Bentley': 'blue', 'Clements': 'red', 'SCRC': 'green'}

    # Visualization
    fig = px.bar(term_frequencies, x='Term', y='Total_Frequency', text='Total_Frequency', 
                 color='DataFrame', color_discrete_map=colors, facet_col='DataFrame')
    fig.update_traces(textposition='outside', insidetextanchor='middle')
    fig.update_layout(title_text="Term Found in DataFrames", xaxis_title_standoff=10, height=600)
    fig.show()
    pio.write_image(fig, 'term_frequency_stacked.png')

    # Variation Visualization
    fig = px.bar(term_frequencies, x='Term', y='Total_Frequency', text='Total_Frequency', 
                 color='DataFrame', color_discrete_map=colors, barmode='group')
    fig.update_traces(textposition='outside', insidetextanchor='middle')
    fig.update_layout(title_text="Term Found in DataFrames", xaxis_title_standoff=10, height=600)
    fig.show()
    pio.write_image(fig, 'term_frequency_side_by_side.png')

visualize_all(matched_results)

Term frequency for  Bentley

Term frequency for  Clements

Term frequency for  SCRC


def calculate_element_frequency(df, df_name):
    element_counts = df.groupby('Matched_From')['Matched_Times'].sum()
    element_counts_sorted = element_counts.sort_values(ascending=False)
    df_element_counts = pd.DataFrame(list(element_counts_sorted.items()), columns=['Subsection', 'harmful_terms_frequency'])
    df_element_counts['Source'] = df_name  # Indicate the source dataframe
    return df_element_counts

# Use the function for each dataframes
element_frequencies_list = [calculate_element_frequency(df, name) for name, df in matched_results.items()]

# Concatenate all element frequencies
all_element_frequencies = pd.concat(element_frequencies_list)

# Show the DataFrame
print("Element frequencies across all file pools:")
display(all_element_frequencies)

# Visualization
fig = px.bar(all_element_frequencies, x='Subsection', y='harmful_terms_frequency', color='Source', text='harmful_terms_frequency')
fig.update_traces(textposition='outside')
fig.update_layout(title_text="Element Frequencies Across DataFrames", xaxis_title="Subsection", yaxis_title="Term Frequency", height=600, barmode='group')
fig.show()
pio.write_image(fig, 'element_frequency_across_dfs.png')

Element frequencies across all file pools:


def calculate_subsection_term_frequency(df, df_name):
    subsection_term_frequency = df.groupby(['Matched_From', 'Term'])['Matched_Times'].sum().reset_index()
    subsection_term_frequency.rename(columns={'Matched_From': 'Subsection', 'Matched_Times': 'Term_Frequency'}, inplace=True)
    subsection_term_frequency['Source'] = df_name
    return subsection_term_frequency

# Use the function for each pool
subsection_term_frequencies_list = [calculate_subsection_term_frequency(df, name) for name, df in matched_results.items()]

# Concatenate all subsection term frequencies
all_subsection_term_frequencies = pd.concat(subsection_term_frequencies_list)


# Treemap
color_map = {'Bentley': 'blue', 'Clements': 'red', 'SCRC': 'green'}
fig = px.treemap(all_subsection_term_frequencies, path=['Source', 'Subsection', 'Term'], values='Term_Frequency')
fig.update_layout(width=1500, height=800)
fig.show()


# Add a dummy color column
all_subsection_term_frequencies['color'] = all_subsection_term_frequencies['Term_Frequency']

# Treemap - color scale
fig = px.treemap(all_subsection_term_frequencies, path=['Source', 'Subsection', 'Term'], values='Term_Frequency',
                 color='color', color_continuous_scale='YlOrRd')
fig.update_layout(width=1500, height=800)
fig.show()


# Sunburst - color scale
fig = px.sunburst(all_subsection_term_frequencies, path=['Source', 'Subsection', 'Term'], values='Term_Frequency', 
                  color='Term_Frequency', color_continuous_scale='YlOrRd')
fig.update_layout(width=1300, height=800)
fig.show()


def plot_source_frequencies(df1, df2, df3, df1_name, df2_name, df3_name, column):
    if column in df1.columns:
        df1_counts = df1[column].fillna('').str.split('; ').explode().value_counts()
    else:
        df1_counts = pd.Series(dtype='int')
        
    if column in df2.columns:
        df2_counts = df2[column].fillna('').str.split('; ').explode().value_counts()
    else:
        df2_counts = pd.Series(dtype='int')
        
    if column in df3.columns:
        df3_counts = df3[column].fillna('').str.split('; ').explode().value_counts()
    else:
        df3_counts = pd.Series(dtype='int')

    # Create a new DataFrame to store these counts
    counts_df = pd.DataFrame({
        df1_name: df1_counts,
        df2_name: df2_counts,
        df3_name: df3_counts
    }).fillna(0)

    # Create a color palette
    cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap('Set3')
    colors = cmap([0.0, 0.5, 1.0])

    # Plot with rotated x-axis labels
    counts_df.plot(kind='bar', figsize=(6, 4), rot=0, color=colors)
    plt.title(f'Source Frequencies for {column}')
    plt.ylabel('Frequency')
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

# Specify the source columns
source_columns = ['subjects_source', 'genreforms_source', 'geognames_source', 'persnames_source', 'corpnames_source', 'famnames_source']

# Call the function for each source column
for column in source_columns:
    plot_source_frequencies(df1_Bentley, df2_Clements, df3_SCRC, 'df1_Bentley', 'df2_Clements', 'df3_SCRC', column)

	source_filename	ead_id	public_id	titleproper	abstract	language	scopecontent	subjects	subjects_source	genreforms	genreforms_source	geognames	geognames_source	persnames	persnames_source	bioghist	corpnames	corpnames_source	famnames	famnames_source
0	abbottfam_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-3378.3abb	abbottfam_final	Finding Aid for Abbott Family Papers	The Abbott family papers consist primarily of the correspondence of Bessie Abbott, an aspiring singer and stage performer, written to her family during the early 20th century.	The material is in English\n	The Abbott family papers consist primarily of the correspondence of aspiring vocalist Bessie Abbott, written to her parents and other family members in the early 20th century.; The Correspondence series makes up the bulk of the collection, and covers the years 1881-1922. The earliest letters in the collection originated from a variety of Abbott family members and acquaintances. Of particular interest is an item describing Bessie and Stanley's time in a tent city in Coronado, Mexico (June 19, 1907). After 1912, Bessie was the primary correspondent, and in her letters she discussed aspects her life during her late 20s. In the personal, richly detailed letters from 1912-1914, Bessie described her time in Brooklyn, New York, where she studied with a vocal coach. In 1913, she took a vacation to Washington, D. C. for the Wilson inauguration, and, while there, injured her hand and, as a result, initiated an unsuccessful insurance dispute. After her return to California in 1914, Bessie wrote more frequently about her health and, after a subsequent move to Hawaii, her continued professional success. Following her stint in Hawaii, Bessie's correspondence focused more heavily on business interests, and, in a late series of letters written in the early 1920s, she wrote about her travels throughout southeast Asia, including visits to the Philippines and to Saigon.; Other correspondents represented in the collection include Will Abbott, Bessie's brother; Stanley Howland, Bessie's husband; and Tracy and Linnie Abbott, Bessie's parents.	Musicians--United States.	lcsh	Christmas cards.; Letters (correspondence); Photographs.; Programs (documents)	aat; aat; aat; aat	Brooklyn (New York, N.Y.)--History.; Hawaii--History--1900-1959.; Long Beach (Calif.); Southeast Asia--Description and travel.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Abbott, Bessie M.; Abbott, William.; Howland, Stanley.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	Bessie Abbott, an aspiring vocalist from Long Beach, California, was born to Tracy and Linnie Abbott ca. 1887. Bessie married Stanley Howland sometime before 1907 and, in 1912, moved to Brooklyn to study voice; she became acquainted with local notables such as Irving Berlin. During a 1913 trip to Washington, D.C., to see Woodrow Wilson's inauguration, Bessie injured her hand, igniting an insurance dispute that she later dropped. After a brief return to California in 1914, Bessie left for Hawaii, where her musical career continued to progress. Returning again to California, Bessie focused more on instruction and on the business aspects of her career. During the early part of the 1920s, Bessie spent time traveling around Hawaii, the Philippines, and southeast Asia, visiting her brother Will and sister-in-law Nita.	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
1	ackerburgr_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-3397.6ack	ackerburgr_final	Finding Aid for Robert B. Ackerburg Correspondence	The Robert B. Ackerburg correspondence consists of a series of letters Ackerburg wrote to his friend, Suki Rochford, during his time in the merchant marine immediately following the Second World War.	The material is in English\n	The Robert B. Ackerburg correspondence consists of 32 letters written by Ackerburg to his friend, Suki Rochford, during his time in the merchant marine immediately following the Second World War. Ackerburg wrote in a lighthearted tone throughout his correspondence to Suki, and described everyday occurrences during the Cape Beale's journey to East Asia in 1946. Ackerburg often focused on news of upcoming destinations, but occasionally admonished Suki for not writing often enough. On June 9, 1946, he asked Suki, "Not to be dramatic but haven't you heard how important mail was supposed to be during the war? The war may be over but everyone I know out here still thinks it's damned important." The letters implied a carefree tone throughout his service following the war, and the sailors on board the Cape Beale appeared to be of a jovial sort; Ackerburg reported the following exchange: "I spelled another stupid one tonight. We were in the chart room and he popped out with 'The Cape Palmas is going to Capetown and Ceylon.' I thought he said sail on. 'Sail on where?-' 'Ceylon-' 'Yes, but sail on where?'" (February 6, 1946). Ackerburg also focused on leisure time pursuits; these often focused on acquiring beer but occasionally involved other substances: "We had a chance to buy some marijuiana [sic] in Santos but gave up the idea because I would have had to roll my own cigarettes and if I mixed that the way I mix drinks I probably wouldn't be writing this now" (March 10, 1946). Throughout his time on board, Ackerburg read and spent much time lying about the deck, often reading. In April, he reflected on his experiences in the service, exposing anambivalence toward post-war patriotism: "Three years ago this month I turned patriotic. Have been thinking lately of turning something else when this trip is over but guess I'll have to wait until I return and see how things are" (April 12, 1946). Other letters also allude to Ackerburg's desire to leave the service, and he often mentioned his plans for seeing Suki once he returned to the United States. Though the status of their relationship was unclear, Ackerburg did ask Suki to clarify her feelings toward him, saying, "It's been 5 months and three days since we kissed goodnight … I imagine the reason you are glad you had will power is the same reason that I wish you didn't" (June 16, 1946). Ackerburg's letters provide insight into the life of merchant marine sailors in the post-World War II era.	Merchant marine--United States--History--20th century.; Seafaring life.	lcsh; lcsh	Letters (corresponence)	aat	East Asia--Description and travel.; East Asia--Foreign economic relations--United States.; East Asia--History--1945-.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Ackerburg, Robert B., d. 2008.	lcnaf	Robert B. Ackerburg joined the merchant marine during the Second World War, and attended the Kings Point Merchant Marine Academy. In August, 1945, he boarded the M/V Cape Beale, a ship owned by the Lykes Brothers Steamship Company, for a journey to East Asia. By December 1945, the ship had reached Venezuela, and over the course of the next eleven months it traveled to Trinidad; Brazil; South Africa; Singapore; China; the Philippines; Papua, New Guinea; Panama; and back to the United States. Ackerburg served as a second officer during the voyage. After this journey, Ackerburg served in the United States Navy during the Korean War and attained the rank of lieutenant commander. Ackerburg maintained a love of ships and seagoing all his life, and eventually worked in marine insurance brokerage. He married a woman named Mary Louise and they had two children: Aleda L. Ackerburg and Adam B. Ackerburg. Robert B. Ackerburg died in May 2008.; Suzanne "Suki" Rochford (September 2, 1926-April 10, 2008) studied at Goucher College in Maryland during the 1940s. Around 1951, she married William D. Rogers, who was a top adviser to Henry Kissinger during the 1970s. The couple had two sons: William D. Rogers and Daniel R. Rogers.	Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., Inc.	lcnaf	NaN	NaN
2	algerr_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-417alg	algerr_final	Finding Aid for Russell A. Alger Family Papers	The Russell A. Alger family papers contain personal and professional correspondence of Alger, who served as governor of Michigan (1885-1887), United States Secretary of War (1897-1899), and United States Senator (1902-1907). The collection also includes military correspondence related to the Spanish-American War, materials from a distant branch of the Alger family in Ohio and Missouri, and letters related to United States Representative Bruce Alger's experiences in the Army Air Corps during the Second World War.	The material is in English and Spanish\n	The Russell A. Alger papers contain personal and professional correspondence of Russell Alger, who served as governor of Michigan (1885-1887), United States secretary of war (1897-1899), and United States senator (1902-1907). The collection also includes military correspondence related to the Spanish-American War, materials from a distant branch of the Alger family, and letters related to United States Representative Bruce Alger's experiences in the Army Air Corps during the Second World War.; \tThe \n Russell A. Alger materials series\n contains three subseries: Correspondence, Documents, and Scrapbooks. The \n Russell A. Alger Correspondence subseries\n is made up of 5 sub-subseries.; \tThe Russell A. Alger incoming correspondence sub-subseries (1842-1919; bulk 1863-1865 and 1885-1907) contains 1.5 linear feet of letters, documents, and other items received by Russell Alger during his lifetime, with a particular focus on his military service in the Civil War, his political activities as a leading Republican Party member in Michigan, and his service and legacy as secretary of war under William McKinley during the Spanish-American War. The earliest letters in the collection are official correspondence from military leaders about the 5th Michigan Cavalry's service from 1862-1865. Several post-war letters concern Russell Alger's reputation, which opponents called into question during his rise to political prominence.; Items from the 1880s and early 1890s include many written by the era's leading Republicans, such as Mark Hanna, James G. Blaine, and Benjamin Harrison, who wrote a series of approximately 20 letters about Russell Alger's presidential campaigns in 1888 and 1892. Much of the later correspondence relates to Alger's service as secretary of war during the Spanish-American War, with letters from military personnel and political figures including J. Pierpont Morgan, Nelson A. Miles, William R. Shafter, Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt, and William McKinley. Roosevelt wrote several letters to Alger during his own military service and during his presidency, regarding various political appointments. Two letters illustrate Roosevelt's hopes that Alger will support the reinstatement of the annual army-navy football match (August 17, 1897) and canal-building efforts in Panama (June 18, 1906). Much of William McKinley's correspondence (61 items) respects Alger's service as secretary of war, and includes the president's official acceptance of Alger's resignation from the cabinet (July 20, 1899). Much of Alger's incoming post-war correspondence pertains to efforts to secure his reputation following the Spanish-American War and to his published book on the conflict.; The Russell A. Alger outgoing correspondence sub-subseries contains items written by Russell A. Alger, including a small amount of Civil War-era correspondence and a larger number of letters written during his later political career. The bulk of the series, written from 1884-1907, represents Alger's tenure as governor of Michigan (1884-1887) and as secretary of war (1897-1899). Of interest is a letter of April 13, 1898, regarding the sinking of the Maine in Havana Harbor and the declaration of war against Spain. Other topics in Alger's letters include a shipment of reindeer from Norway (March 21, 1899), affairs in Alaska, the Panama Canal, and political endorsements for both local and national positions.; The items regarding the tour of officers & soldiers in the election of 1896, & the endorsement of Russell A. Alger as a member of President McKinley's Cabinet sub-subseries contains correspondence about Russell A. Alger and William McKinley's tour throughout Michigan during the presidential campaign of 1896, and about Alger's other efforts in the campaign. Of note is a letter from Senator Jacob H. Gallinger, who wrote to William McKinley, "I express the hope that you may invite General Alger into your official family. He will make a model Secretary of War, and will be a strong and reliable man in the Cabinet" (January 23, 1896).; The Letters and Telegrams from General Miles sub-subseries contains 564 once-bound pages of chronologically ordered copies of official military correspondence exchanged during the Spanish-American War. Army generals Nelson A. Miles and William R. Shafter are the most prominent correspondents in the subseries. They provided updates on the Cuban theater of the war. The series spans the entire calendar year of 1898.; The Russell A. Alger semi-official letters, semi-official orders, and telegrams sub-subseries contains 28 bound volumes of carbon copies dating from Alger's service as secretary of war. The series contains 20 volumes of semi-official letters (March 9, 1897-July 24, 1899), 2 volumes of semi-official orders (June 4, 1898-August 1, 1899), 5 volumes of telegrams (July 9, 1897-August 1, 1899), and one volume of letters relating to the GAR (October 1, 1889-November 28, 1894).; The collection also includes 9 volumes of typed transcripts, including incoming and outgoing correspondence as well as documents and materials related to Alger's military service.; The \n Russell A. Alger documents subseries\n contains four sub-subseries.; The Russell A. Alger Civil War service documents sub-subseries includes original and manuscript copies of documents related to Alger's Civil War service record and actions during the conflict. The subseries also contains two postwar documents. One of two postwar documents is a list of Civil War battles in which Alger participated.; The Testimony of General Alger Before the War Investigation Committee is a typed copy of Russell A. Alger's testimony regarding the hygiene of American soldiers and camps during the summer of 1898, given before the Dodge Commission later that year. The testimony includes manuscript annotations.; The Gervasio Unson proclamation and affidavits sub-subseries contains the original Spanish text and a translated English copy of Provisional Secretary Gervasio Unson's proclamation and accusations regarding the treatment of guerillas in the Philippines and the general conduct of American officials in the islands. Several documents appended to the proclamation lend factual support to the various allegations.; The Correspondence and documents regarding Florida, Puerto Rico, and Cuba sub-subseries is made up of the following items: correspondence describing rail systems in Florida in the early 20th century; a report on the island of Puerto Rico made on March 14, 1898; letters related to military supplies during the Spanish-American War; several letters regarding the publication of Washington the Soldier by General Henry B. Carrington, including a printed copy of the book's preface; the typescript of an interview given by Russell A. Alger to Henry Campbell of the Milwaukee Journal, March 24, 1900; a booklet on regulations for import/export officers; and a printed copy of the Cuban census of 1900.; \n \n The \n Russell A. Alger scrapbooks subseries\n contains six volumes of newspaper clippings:\n Alger's campaign for the Republican presidential nomination, April-June 1888\n Alger's campaign for the Republican presidential nomination, February-April 1892\n "Presented to General Russell A. Alger by the Citizens of Detroit upon his return to his home. August Second, 1899," July-August 1899\n "Politics: Detroit Newspapers," regarding Alger's campaign for Michigan's vacant Senate seat, August 1902-May 1903\n "Politics: State Papers," pertaining to Alger's campaign for Michigan's vacant Senate seat, August 1902-May 1903\n "In Memoriam Hon. Russell A. Alger," January 1907\n \n ; The \n Alger family materials series\n contains eight subseries.; The Alger family correspondence subseries is divided into the seven sub-subseries: David Bruce Alger correspondence, Bruce Alger correspondence, Clare Fleeman Alger correspondence, Oberlin college correspondence and documents, Richard Edwin ("Eddy") Alger correspondence, Albert W. Alger correspondence, and Miscellaneous Alger family correspondence.; The David Bruce Alger correspondence contains numerous letters from Alger to his parents, Richard Edward Alger and Esther D. Reynolds, about David's time at Oberlin College in the early 20th century; the birth and early childhood of his son, Bruce Reynolds Alger; and about St. Louis, Missouri, in the 1920s, including descriptions of "plucky boy" and celebrated pilot Charles Lindbergh. Incoming correspondence consists of Civil War-era receipts; documents and letters of David Baker Alger; a letter from Russell A. Alger, Jr., to a sibling; a letter from an American soldier serving in France in 1917; several letters from David Bruce Alger's father written in 1943; and a 1975 letter regarding recent physical problems.; David Bruce Alger's Oberlin College correspondence and documents consist of items associated with Oberlin College in the 1910s, including ephemera. Of interest are a program from an Oberlin Glee Club concert (1912), three copies of a pamphlet for the "Eezy Cheezers," and an 1882 promotional thermometer.; The Bruce Alger correspondence consists primarily of Bruce Reynolds Alger's letters to his parents, written during his time in the Army Air Corps in the Second World War. Bruce wrote about his training at Kerry Field, Texas, and in California. In a number of letters from 1945, he described the end of the war as he experienced it in the Pacific theater. The sub-subseries also includes the annotated text of a 1937 chemistry examination from Princeton University, reports of Alger's academic progress at Princeton, and a newspaper article about his football career.; The Clare Fleeman Alger correspondence is made up of correspondence and documents related to David Bruce Alger's wife, Clare Fleeman Alger. In letters to her parents and to other friends and family, Clare described her life as a newlywed and, later, as a new mother. Miscellaneous items in this series include several religious tracts, drafts of poetry and essays, and documents regarding Bruce Reynolds Alger's academic progress at Princeton.; The Richard Edwin ("Eddy") Alger correspondence contains incoming letters, 1885-1921, written by family members to "Eddy" or "Cousin Ed." The group also includes a typed collection of several of his short poems.; In the Albert W. Alger correspondence are a number of letters written to various family members by Albert W. Alger.; The Additional Alger family correspondence, documents, and printed items consists of seven Civil War-era documents by various Alger family members, items related to the St. Louis Writers' Guild, invitations to various weddings and graduation ceremonies, a marriage certificate for Melvin C. Bowman and Mary H. Parcell, and a commemorative stamp from Lundy Island. Of note are two pages of a Civil War-era letter by John H. Houghes, who described a military engagement and the burial of a fallen soldier in the surrounding mountains. The group also contains books, pamphlets, and newspapers. Books include the Student's Reference Work Question Manual and Russell A. Alger's copy of Roswell Smith'sEnglish Grammar on the Productive System . The pamphlets are promotional material for a 1904 World's Fair exhibit, issues of various periodicals belonging to Clare Fleeman Alger (many of which contain her writing), and a copy ofAn Outline History of Richfield Township, 1809-1959 . Other items are newsletters from 1916 and 1921, with contributions by Clare Fleeman Alger; a printed map of the Alger Park neighborhood in Dallas, Texas; a newspaper clipping from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch; a program from a piano recital; and scripts for two radio-based language-learning programs (French and German).; The collection includes 40 volumes of Alger family diaries. Six volumes include a book kept by David Bruce Alger and five volumes belonging to Esther Reynolds Alger, written between 1878 and 1881. Among other materials are an early item likely composed by Richard Edwin Alger (1891), a "Note Book for Sunday School Teachers and Workers" probably kept by Esther Reynolds Alger in the late 19th century, and an Esther Reynolds Alger diary from 1900.; The remainder of the series contains material, spanning 1905-1973, that belonged to David Bruce Alger. His early diaries include a "Foxy Grandpa" notebook (1905) and a series of annual daily journals written from 1910 to 1919. Two five-year diaries chronicle 1920-1924 and 1926-1930, followed by single and two-year volumes kept between 1931 and 1937. An uninterrupted series of five-year volumes covers 1938-1975, although his entries taper off around 1973. David Bruce Alger kept his diaries regularly, composing a few lines about the weather and his activities on a near-daily basis.; The Clare Fleeman Alger manuscript submission records are a series of index cards. They are filed alphabetically by poem or essay title. Each record contains the name of a work, the publication to which the manuscript was submitted, and the date. The records pertain to works written in 1917 and from 1931 to 1943. Occasional rejection letters and drafts are interfiled within the subseries.; The Receipts subseries consists of 9 items dating to the 19th century.; In the Documents subseries are manuscript copies of correspondence regarding Alger's Civil War service, made and authorized by the War Department at a later date. The subseries also includes two typed copies of Lieutenant Philip H. Sheridan's "Account of the Battle of Booneville," and two copies of a "Statement of the Military History of Russell A. Alger."; The Photographs subseries contains four photographs. One is a portrait of Russell A. Alger's wife, Annette Henry Alger, labeled "Aunt Nettie." ; The Newspapers and clippings subseries contains a small number of short articles, dating primarily in the 1930s. The clippings relate to various members of the Alger family; for example, one item pertains to the death of Russell A. Alger's son, Frederick Moulton Alger, in 1934. The subseries also includes three full size Kansas City, Missouri, newspapers from 1883, 1897, and [1898].	Alaska--History--1867-1959.; Christianity--United States.; Football--History.; Presidents--United States--Election--1888.; Presidents--United States--Election--1892.; Presidents--United States--Election--1896.; Spanish-American War, 1898.; World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations, American.; World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area.; San Juan Hill, Battle of, Cuba, 1898.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Books.; Carbon copies.; Clippings (information artifacts); Diaries.; Invitations.; Legal documents.; Letters (correspondence); Maps.; Newsletters.; Newspapers.; Orders (military records); Pamphlets.; Photographs.; Poems.; Programs (documents); Receipts (financial records); School records.; Scrapbooks.; Telegrams.; Transcripts.	aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat	Cleveland (Ohio)--History.; Cuba--History--Revolution, 1895-1898.; Dallas (Tex.); Detroit (Mich.)--History.; Michigan--Politics and government--1837-1950.; Panama Canal (Panama)--History.; Peninsula (Ohio); Philippines--History--Philippine American War, 1899-1902.; Richfield (Ohio); Saint Louis (Mo.)--History.; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865.; Webster Groves (Mo.)	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Alger, Frederick M. (Frederick Moulton), 1876-1933.; Alger, Albert W.; Alger, Bruce, 1918-; Alger, Clare Fleeman.; Alger, David Bruce, b. 1891.; Alger, Esther Reynolds.; Alger, R. A. (Russell Alexander), 1836-1907.; Alger, R. E. (Richard Edwin); Blaine, James Gillespie, 1830-1893.; Gallinger, Jacob H. (Jacob Harold), 1837-1918.; Hanna, Marcus Alonzo, 1837-1904.; Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901.; McKinley, William, 1843-1901.; Miles, Nelson Appleton, 1839-1925.; Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont), 1837-1913.; Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919.; Shafter, William Rufus, 1835-1906.; Sheridan, Philip Henry, 1831-1888.; Wood, Leonard, 1860-1927.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	\n Russell Alexander Alger\n ; John Alger (ca. 1776-1818) was a descendent of a Connecticut-based branch of the Alger family. He settled in Bethany, New York, sometime after the Revolutionary War. John married Sarah Baker in 1798; they had at least six children, including Russell (b. 1809) and David (b. 1816). The family migrated west, eventually settling in Richfield, Ohio.; After the Alger family moved to Ohio, Russell met Catherine Moulton, daughter of a prominent Massachusetts family, and the couple married in July 1832. Their children were Charles, Sybil, and Russell Alexander (1836-1907). Russell Alexander Alger was born in Lafayette Township, Ohio, on February 27, 1836. Orphaned when he was 11 years old, Russell Alexander went to work on a farm in Richfield, Ohio. He received his education at the Richfield Academy. In 1857, he obtained a position in the law firm of Wolcott & Upsord in Akron, Ohio, and received formal admittance to the bar in March 1859. Later that year, he left the legal profession for a career in the lumber industry in Grand Rapids, Michigan.; Russell A. Alger married Annette H. Henry of Grand Rapids on April 2, 1861. He enlisted in the 2nd Michigan Cavalry the same year, and received a captain's commission on September 2. He became major on April 2, 1862, lieutenant colonel of the 6th Michigan Cavalry on October 16, 1862, and colonel of the 5th Michigan Cavalry on February 7, 1863. Alger's Civil War service included his capture at the Battle of Booneville, Mississippi (and subsequent escape), and participation in the Battle of Gettysburg. Although he resigned his commission on September 20, 1864, he became brevet brigadier general of the United States Volunteers on June 11, 1864, with a promotion to major general a year later. ; After the war, Russell Alger returned to Detroit and continued his steady ascent in the lumber industry, founded a succession of firms, and became particularly noteworthy in pine lumber business. Success in the private sector led to a Republican Party nomination for the governorship of Michigan, an office he held from 1885-1887 (he declined to run for a second term). Alger remained a locally and nationally prominent figure in the Republican Party throughout the late 19th century, and contended for U.S. Presidential nominations in 1888 and 1892. He became secretary of war in William McKinley's cabinet in 1897 and served throughout the Spanish-American War, resigning on August 1, 1899. Alger received public blame for the poor hygienic conditions endured by American soldiers in both Cuba and the United States during the war, which led to outbreaks of yellow fever and other diseases.; Alger returned to Detroit and succeeded United States Senator James McMillan, serving from September 27, 1902, until his death on January 24, 1907. Russell Alexander Alger had nine children, including five who survived to adulthood: Caroline (m. Henry Sheldon), Fay (m. William Elder Bailey), Frances (m. Charles Burrall Pike), Russell Alexander, Jr. (m. Marion Jarves), and Frederick Moulton.; \n Alger Family\n ; Russell Alexander Alger's uncle, David Baker Alger, married Margaret Richardson in the early 19th century, and by the mid-1800s the couple had settled in Richfield, Ohio. They had four children, including: Albert W. (b. 1849) and Richard Edwin ("R. E." or "Eddy") Alger (1854-1943). Albert resided in Colony, Kansas, in the early 20th century, and Richard remained in Richfield for most or all of his life. Richard married Esther D. Reynolds, a strongly spiritual woman, on October 4, 1888. The couple's children included Emma, Mary, Esther Marion, Margaret (b. 1890), and David Bruce (b. December 8, 1891). ; David Bruce Alger attended Oberlin College in the early 1910s. He graduated and had moved to Cleveland, Ohio, by 1916. He married Clare Fleeman on October 13, 1916. David Alger worked in the banking industry for much of his life and kept a series of short daily diaries from 1910 until 1973, which documented his time in Ohio, Texas, Missouri, and Florida. Clare, an aspiring poet and writer, contributed to a variety of religious and literary publications throughout her life and was a member of the St. Louis Writers' Guild in the 1940s.; David Bruce and Clare Fleeman Alger's son, Bruce Reynolds Alger, was born in Dallas, Texas, on June 12, 1918. The family moved to Webster Groves, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. Bruce Alger shared his father's love for football, played for his high school football team, and, later, on Princeton University's squad. Following his graduation from Princeton (1940) and a brief stint as a field representative for the RCA Victor Manufacturing Company, Bruce enlisted in the Army Air Corps after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. He was stationed with the Fifth Squadron at the Army Air Corps Advanced Flying School at Kerry Field, Texas, and he spent much of the war in training throughout the United States. Bruce did see action in the Pacific theater in 1945, and spent time in Japan soon after the Japanese surrender. Bruce received his discharge in November 1945, settled in Dallas, and pursued a career in real estate. He later represented Texas' 5th District in the United States House of Representatives (1955-1965). He returned to his real estate business in Dallas after a failed reelection bid.	Maine (Battleship); Michigan. Governor.; Oberlin College.; Princeton University.; Republican Party (U.S. : 1854-); St. Louis Writers Guild.; United States. Army. Air Corps.; United States. Army. History--Spanish-American War, 1898.; United States. Army. Michigan Cavalry Regiment, 5th (1862-1865); United States. Navy--History--Spanish-American War, 1898.; United States. War Dept.; St. Louis Writers Guild.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	NaN	NaN
3	andersonm_final.xml	umich-wcl-F-612and	andersonm_final	Finding Aid for \nMark A. Anderson Collection of Post-Mortem Photography	The Mark A. Anderson collection contains 956 photographs, ephemeral items, documents, manuscripts, printed items, and realia pertaining to the visual history of death and bereavement between the 1840s and the 1970s. Photographs make up the bulk of the collection.	The material is in English	The Mark A. Anderson collection contains 961 photographs, ephemeral items, documents, manuscripts, printed items, and realia pertaining to the visual history of death and bereavement between the 1840s and the 1970s. Photographs make up the bulk of the collection. Mr. Anderson assembled this collection from dealers, antique shops, and individuals. His motivation stemmed from a desire to document and to provide historical perspective on various end-of-life practices which, in the 20th century, fell into taboo and disfavor.; The majority portion of the photographic items in the collection are neither dated, nor attributed, although approximate dates can often be determined by when particular photographic formats were in use (see timeline at www.graphicatlas.org.). Consequently, the materials have been organized first to accommodate their sizes, formats, and preservation needs, and second to reflect major subject themes present, though scattered, throughout the entire collection. These non-mutually exclusive subjects are as follows:; \nPost-mortem portraits\n\nPost-mortem scenes\n\nFuneral tableaux\n\nFunerals and funeral processions\n\nFloral arrangements and displays\n\nMemorial cards and sentimental imagery\n\nCemeteries and monuments\n\nFuneral industry\n\nMourning attire\n\nUnnatural death\n; The first three subjects - post-mortem portraits, scenes, and funeral tableaux - all depict the recently deceased, and so fall into the narrowest definition of a post-mortem photograph. Their distinction into three separate subjects is a partly arbitrary decision, made to break up what would otherwise be a large and unwieldy grouping of photos, but also to roughly shape the order of the collection (post-mortem portraits without décor tended to date earlier chronologically than broader, beautifying scenes).; Post-mortem portraits:; The post-mortem portrait photographs, comprising 203 items in the collection, depict the bodies of dead family members and friends. These images show the deceased, sometimes posed with living family members, and for the most part do not include elements of a larger scene, such as floral arrangements, banners, or other décor.; These portraits include the earliest photographic images in the collection, including 27 cased daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes. Fifty-eight cabinet card photographs date from the late 1860s to around the turn of the century. Among many notable cabinet cards are two images of Frances Radke, taken and retouched by R. C. Houser, showing her image before and after Houser's post-capture work (3.1 and 3.2). Also of note is a framed crayon enlargement of infant Adelaide Banks by photographer/artist Edward Stuart Tray (26).; Post-mortem scenes:; The post-mortem scene photographs, 141 items, are similar to the portraits described above, except that they show the deceased as part of a larger environment, whether in a private home, a funeral home, or out-of-doors. Most of these views are mounted photographic prints from the 1880s to the early decades of the 20th century, frequently centering on the corpse, lying in a casket or coffin, amidst an abundance of floral arrangements, banners or flags, family members or friends, and/or personal belongings. Their caskets are often lined with white cloth. ; Many of these images have unique qualities; several examples illustrate the variety of postmortem scenes in the Mark Anderson collection. Six photographs by W. Jakubowski and Co. and Jos. Ziawinski, of Detroit, Michigan, include five wedding photographs (of the bride and groom, bridesmaids, and family members) and one post-mortem scene of the wife. She appears to have died within a short time following the marriage; the funeral home scene image contains one of the wedding photographs and a banner marked "Dearest Wife" (18.5-18.10). One mounted photograph depicts a dog, laid on linen, in a homemade casket (14:17). The collection also contains examples of different persons on display in the same funeral home/parlor (e.g. 18.1-18.4). A set of two cabinet card photos of a child in a buggy is accompanied by one of the buggy's metal lanterns (23.1-23.3). ; Funeral tableaux:; The collection's 31 funeral tableau photographs show the deceased in an open casket or coffin, typically in front of a church or homestead, with a posed assembly of funeral attendees or mourners. They often show a large group of family and friends, and so are frequently large format prints. Group portraits of this sort were occasionally framed and displayed in the home. Most of the examples in this collection are large prints (many of them mounted), with smaller examples, including a real photo postcard, two snapshots, and one cabinet card. Of note are a tableaux on the steps of the Church of The Descent of The Holy Ghost in Detroit by Thomas Hoffman (27), and a photomontage image of a nun's funeral (28).; Funerals and funeral processions:; \tThe 60 items depicting or pertaining to funeral gatherings show various aspects of the movement of the deceased from the home or funeral home to the cemetery and funeral and burial ceremonies. This group is comprised of real photo postcards (22 items), snapshots (13 items), and a variety of other formats. Examples include an albumin print depicting the Plymouth Church, decorated for Henry Ward Beecher's funeral in 1887, and snapshot and postcard photographs of a burial at sea.; Floral arrangements and displays:; \tAdditional documentation of funeral decoration may be found in the collection's 162 still life portraits of floral arrangements and other decorations. A portion of the floral display photographs include pre- or post-mortem photos of the deceased either incorporated into the display or added to the image after printing. One particularly fine example is a large format photograph of a floral arrangement for the funeral of Joshua Turner Mulls; the display included a cabinet card photo of Mr. Mulls and a modified enlargement of the cabinet card. Accompanying the floral arrangement photograph is the cabinet card depicted in the display, with artist's instructions for coloring the enlargement (22.1-22.2). ; Memorial cards and sentimental imagery:; \tThe collection includes 97 memorial cards and ephemeral items bearing sentimental imagery. Memorial cards were created as tributes, often displaying birth dates, death dates, and other information about the deceased. Many of these cards include border designs and some bear photographs of the departed. Black-fronted memorial cards gained popularity from 1880 to 1905. Of many interesting examples, the collection includes two examples of memorial cards which haven't yet been personalized (4.306-4.307) and two reflecting World War I related deaths (4.316 and 4.317). Materials with sentimental imagery include items such as a photograph of an illustration entitled "Momma is in Heaven," a memorial book dedicated to Olive C. Partridge in 1897, and other items.; Note: an advertisement for the Memorial Card Company of Philadelphia is located in the 'Funeral Industry' section of the collection (14.35).; Cemeteries and monuments:; \tSixty photographs, printed items, and realia explicitly pertain to cemeteries, burial markers, or monuments. Some of the cemeteries and monuments are identified, such as the Garfield Memorial at Lakeview Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio (4.1-4.3). The collection includes examples of cemetery-related realia, including an ovular, porcelain headstone photograph (pre-mortem) of the deceased.; Note: cemeteries may be seen as background for many photographs throughout the collection.; The funeral industry:; The Mark Anderson Collection of Post-Mortem Photography holds a diverse selection of photographs, ephemera, and printed materials related to the business aspects of death, dying, and bereavement. This group includes receipts (1896-1956); various types of advertising (an undertaker's advertising card, a church fan, a thermometer, and other items); and 118 coffin sales photographs (illustrating a massive selection of different casket models offered by the Boyertown Burial Casket Company of Pennsylvania).; Two photograph albums, that of Clarence E. Mapes' furniture store and funeral home (and that of the Algoe-Gundry Company funeral home, provide visual documentation of a rural and an urban funeral home (respectively) in Michigan in the first half of the 20th century:; The photo album and scrapbook of Clarence E. Mapes' furniture store and funeral home in Durand, Michigan, dating from ca. 1903-1930, contains interior and exterior photographs of the furniture and undertaker portions of the shop. The album includes photographs of casket showroom display mechanisms; an example of a "burglar proof" metallic vault; a posed photo of the embalmer standing over a man on the embalming table; images of carriage and motorized hearses; business-related newspaper clippings; and various family and vacation photographs. Several prints, dated August 1903, appear to depict the aftermath of the Wallace Brothers Circus train wreck on the Grand Trunk railroad at Durand. Among these photographs are carriage hearses, a horse-drawn cart carrying ten or more oblong boxes (for transportation and perhaps burial of victims of the wreck), a man standing in an alleyway near three stacked boxes, and a large group of persons standing in a largely unearthed section of a cemetery. The Mapes album is accompanied by a C. E. Mapes Furniture advertising fly-swatter.; The Algoe-Gundry Company album dates from ca. 1924 to 1960 and contains (almost exclusively) 8"x10" photographs of this Flint, Michigan, funeral business. The album includes images of the exterior and interior of Algoe-Gundry buildings, hearses, ambulances, and billboard advertisements.; Mourning attire:; In America, mourning attire tended to follow trends set in Europe. The bereaved wore mourning clothing according to current fashion trends and societal expectations. Mourning clothing styles, often dark-colored and somber, depended on how close the mourner was to the deceased and local societal expectations. Seventeen portrait photographs show men and women wearing mourning attire without the deceased present. This group includes cabinet cards, a 1/9 plate ambrotype of an adult woman, two tintypes, and one carte-de-visite.; Note: persons wearing mourning attire may also be found scattered throughout the other sections of the Mark A. Anderson collection. While most are concentrated in the funeral photographs, mourners are also present in postmortem portraits, postmortem scenes, and cemetery photos.; Unnatural death:; Forty-three photographs (mostly snapshots) depict "unnatural deaths," deaths not caused by age or naturally occurring disease, such as suicides, accidents, murders, and war. The larger portions of the snapshots are mid-20th century police photographs of crime or accident scenes. ; Nine Indiana State Police photographs show a train-automobile accident; a group of eight unmarked photos depict the body of woman, apparently violently murdered, at the location of her death and in a morgue; fourteen are of a man struck down, beneath a train; two are of a rifle suicide; and the others are of varying accidents. One World War I-era real photo postcard appears to show a man, shot dead in a foxhole. A stereoscopic card, by photographer B. W. Kilburn, shows the burial of Filipino soldiers after the Battle of Malolos, Philippine Islands [ca. 1897].; Note: The photograph album/scrapbook of the Clarence E. Mapes furniture and undertakers shop contains several photographs of what appear to be the aftermath of the Wallace Brothers Circus train wreck, Durand, Michigan 1903 (see above description in the 'Funeral Industry' section of this scope and content note).	Photographs shelf.; Advertising--United States.; Advertising cards.; Bereavement--United States.; Burial.; Burials at sea.; Cemeteries--United States.; Coffin industry--United States.; Coffins.; Commercial photography.; Death--United States--Photographs.; Infants--Death--Photographs.; Floral decorations--United States--Photographs.; Funeral decorations--United States--Photographs.; Funeral homes--Michigan.; Funeral processions.; Funeral rites and ceremonies--United States.; Funeral service.; Funeral supplies industry.; Furniture industry and trade.; Grief.; Hearses (Vehicles)--Photographs.; Memorial rites and ceremonies.; Monuments.; Mourning customs--United States--History--19th century.; Mourning customs--United States--History--20th century.; Mourning etiquette--United States.; Postcards--United States.; Postmortem photography--United States--History--19th century.; Postmortem photography--United States--History--20th century.; Railroad accidents--Michigan--Durand.; Sepulchral monuments.; Suicide--Photographs.; Undertakers and undertaking--United States.	local; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lctgm; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lctgm; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Advertising cards.; Ambrotypes (photographs); Black-and-white photographs.; Business records.; Cabinet photographs.; Card photographs (photographs); Cartes de visite (card photographs); Cased photographs.; Color photographs.; Cyanotypes.; Daguerreotypes (photographs); Interior perspectives.; Patents.; Photograph albums.; Photomontages.; Photographic prints.; Photographs.; Realia.; Receipts (financial records); Snapshots.; Studio portraits.; Tintypes (photographic prints)	aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat	Michigan--Business, industries, and trades--Undertakers.	lcsh	NaN	NaN	Death; American death practices underwent dramatic changes in the 19th and early 20th century, with corresponding changes in society's attitudes and sentiments related to death and bereavement. During the Victorian period, some one in five children did not reach adulthood; one in four soldiers died during the Civil War; and urbanization with its crowded conditions and poor sanitation increased morbidity and mortality rates. With the advent of modern medicine, an increase in public health and hygiene, the rise of the modern funeral industry, and other factors, the prospects of an early death decreased and the care and disposition of the corpse moved from the family to professional workers. These and other changes altered the ways people confronted the practical and psychological aspects of death and bereavement.; Memorial Photography; Post-mortem photographs are images taken of people after death. Memorial or post-mortem photography was common from the birth of the daguerreotype in 1839 to the 1930s. Deaths were frequent in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many people -- especially children -- had no photograph taken of them while living. Post-mortem photography allowed people to have a likeness of their deceased family members; they used them to remember and mourn loved ones.; The roots of memorial photography are partly in the European tradition of painted miniatures. Small portraits of the deceased were made into necklaces or pins. Often hidden beneath clothing, these personal images allowed the wearer to grieve or to remember absent family or friends. With the technological innovation of photography in the 1830s, the bereaved were able to acquire an actual likeness of their mother, father, brother, sister, friend, etc. rather than an artist's rendering.	Algoe-Gundry Company, Funeral Directors (Flint, Mich.); Boyertown Burial Casket Company (Boyertown, Pa.); C. E. Mapes Furniture Store and Funeral Home (Durand, Mich.); Memorial Card Co.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	NaN	NaN
4	bisbeew_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-7074bis	bisbeew_final	Finding Aid for \nWilliam Henry Bisbee Collection	The William Henry Bisbee collection is comprised of 20 letters, telegraphs, and memoranda dating between 1898 and 1901. The collection includes incoming and outgoing correspondence of Bisbee, relating to Bisbee's service in the United States Army during the Spanish-American War and Philippine-American War, notably with William Rufus Shafter, James Franklin Bell, and Loyd Wheaton. The collection also includes military orders, other military documents relating to Bisbee's career, and a copy of his military record.	The material is in English	The William Henry Bisbee collection is comprised of 20 letters, telegraphs, and memoranda dating between 1898-1901. The collection includes correspondence written to and by Bisbee, relating to Bisbee's service in the United States Army during the Spanish-American War and Philippine-American War, notably with William Rufus Shafter, James Franklin Bell, and Loyd Wheaton. The collection also includes military orders, other military documents relating to Bisbee's career, and a copy of his military record. Notably, the papers include a confidential letter to the officers of Bisbee's regiment, handwritten after reading a telegram from General Douglas MacArthur. The letter describes in practical detail acceptable interrogation methods.	Military interrogation.; Santiago Campaign, 1898.; Spanish-American War, 1898.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Letters (correspondence); Orders (military records)	aat; aat	Philippines--History--Philippine American War, 1899-1902.	lcsh	Bell, James Franklin, 1856-1919.; Corbin, Henry Clark, 1842-1909.; Shafter, William Rufus, 1835-1906.; Wheaton, Loyd, 1838-1918.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	Spanish-American War; The Spanish-American War, which began on April 14, 1898 and concluded on August 12, 1898, was a conflict between the United States and Spain that resulted in US acquisition of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico and Cuba's autonomy as a US protectorate. It had its origins in the Cuban independence movement that began in 1895 and growing domestic pressure inside the United States to intervene in the conflict to protect American business interests in Cuba.; Spain, unprepared for war with a major power, was faced by a US Navy that had been modernized, trained, and well-equipped by the enthusiastic Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt. In the Philippines, US forces worked alongside Filipino independence forces under Emilio Aguinaldo. The United States Navy held Manila through most of the war, but Aguinaldo's forces controlled practically the entire rest of the archipelago. With overwhelming US success in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, the war ended as a quick and decisive US victory.; Peace negotiations were held in Paris, and in the final treaty Spain relinquished rule of Cuba and ceded to the United States the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. As nominal payment for infrastructure in the Philippines, the United States agreed to pay Spain $20,000,000. This Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898. Though the treaty faced stiff opposition in the US Senate, it was ratified by a single vote on February 6, 1899.; Philippine-American War; The Philippine-American War was fought from 1899 to 1902 between the United States and Filipino independence forces. The conflict was essentially a continuation of the Filipino struggle for independence from Spain, with revolutionaries under Emilio Aguinaldo resisting US rule just as they had resisted the Spanish. Armed conflict between US and Filipino forces began on February 4, 1899, and by the end of that spring Filipino forces had ceased to engage US soldiers in conventional warfare, relying instead on guerilla tactics.; William Henry Bisbee; William Henry Bisbee was born in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, on January 28, 1840, to parents William Orson Bisbee and Harriet Miriam Ballou Bisbee. He grew up in Woonsocket and spent his adolescent years as an apprentice in mercantile businesses in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Delaware, Ohio; and Denver, Colorado (before Colorado's admission to statehood).; Bisbee first joined the United States Army as a private on September 2, 1861, after the outbreak of the American Civil War. Less than a year later, on June 9, 1862, he received his officer's commission at the rank of 2nd Lieutenant. William H. Bisbee continued his service through the Civil War, including the Atlanta campaign under William Tecumseh Sherman, and campaigns of the American Indian Wars. Rising through the ranks, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel on May 4, 1897.; He commanded a regiment throughout the Santiago campaign of the Spanish-American War before returning the United States after peace was declared. Following some administrative duties, during which time he was promoted to full Colonel on June 16, 1899, he was transferred. On August 13, 1899, he joined a regiment in Manila, now fighting in the Philippine American War. On October 2, 1901, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General.; Upon his retirement in 1902, Bisbee settled in Brookline, Massachusetts, where he lived until his death. On the occasion of his 100th birthday in 1940, he was awarded the Purple Heart in recognition of his service during the Civil War. William H. Bisbee had three children: Raymond B. Bisbee, Katharine S. Fefel (nee Bisbee), and Eugene Shade Bisbee. Bisbee died at the age of 102 on June 11, 1942, at his home in Brookline.	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
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62	usservicemanmanila_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-4409.3uss	usservicemanmanila_final	Finding Aid for U.S. Serviceman's Letters, Manila (Philippines)	This collection is made up of letters that a United States serviceman sent to his wife while traveling to and serving in the Philippines between July and September 1945. The letters pertain to religion, leisure activities, a Japanese surrender delegation, and other subjects.	The material is in English\n	This collection is made up of 8 letters that a United States serviceman sent to his wife while traveling to and serving in the Philippines in August and September 1945. In his first two letters, "Jake" wrote about aspects of his journey across the Pacific Ocean, including weather conditions and a religious service held onboard his ship (July 2, 1945, and undated). After arriving in Manila, he described the destruction in and around the Intramuros district and discussed his life in an unfinished camp, where soldiers used their helmets to hold shaving water. He mentioned repeated thefts from soldiers' footlockers, and the prevalence of scorpions, lizards, and other animals. In his letter of August 21, 1945, Jake lightly criticized Catholic chaplains. This letter also contains an account of a 16-man Japanese surrender delegation, which Jake spotted while retrieving his mail; he noted the differences between the ornately decorated Japanese uniforms and the Americans' plain khakis.	Soldiers--Religious life.; World War, 1939-1945--Chaplains.; World War, 1939-1945--Philippines.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Letters (correspondence)	aat	Intramuros (Manila, Philippines); Leyte (Philippines); Manila (Philippines)	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	NaN	NaN	The author of these letters, a married man named Jake, served in the United States Armed Forces (likely not the navy) during World War II. In the summer of 1945, he was stationed in Manila and Leyte, Philippines.	United States. Armed Forces.	lcnaf	NaN	NaN
63	weile_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-3201wei	weile_final	Finding Aid for Elsie F. Weil Collection	This collection contains incoming correspondence and other items related to Elsie F. Weil of Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, including many passionate letters from Weil's close friend Gertrude Emerson, who wrote about her foreign travels, life in New York City, and her deep bond with Elsie. Other friends and, to a lesser extent, family members, wrote to Elsie about their daily and social lives in New York City, Chicago, and Boston. Additional materials include two of Elsie's diaries, articles written by Elsie F. Weil and Gertrude Emerson, and ephemera.	The material is in English\n	This collection (1.5 linear feet) contains incoming correspondence and other items related to Elsie F. Weil of Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, including many letters from Weil's close friend and fellow writer Gertrude Emerson. Other friends and family members wrote to Elsie about their daily and social lives in New York City, Chicago, and Boston. Additional materials include two of Elsie's diaries, articles written by Elsie F. Weil and Gertrude Emerson, and ephemera.; The bulk of the collection is comprised of Elsie F. Weil's incoming correspondence. The first group of items consists of letters that Elsie's father Jacob, brother Leo, and mother Pauline sent to her from 1897-1907. Jacob and Leo Weil offered advice, and Pauline Weil provided family news from Chicago while Elsie lived in Lafayette, Indiana, around 1904. In 1913, Elsie received letters about her career as a writer, often mentioning specific articles. Additional professional correspondence appears throughout the collection.; Gertrude Emerson began writing to Elsie Weil in January 1914, and remained Weil's primary correspondent through the early 1920s. Her early letters pertain to her life in Winnetka, Illinois, where she taught at the Girton School. Emerson encouraged Weil to pursue a career in writing, discussed her own work, and shared news of her family. In the spring of 1914, she described a trip to New York City. During their periods of separation, Emerson expressed her desire to reunite with Weil and proposed plans for their shared future. Her letters include passionate declarations of her love for Weil and her devotion to their friendship, and she often referred to her desire to hold Weil, offering a birthday kiss in her letter postmarked April 26, 1915. She also spoke of her wish to travel around the world, though her mother prohibited transatlantic travel in 1915 on account of the growing threat from German submarines ([May 7, 1915]).; Weil and Emerson traveled together to Korea, Japan, and China in 1915 and 1916, and the collection includes a series of typed letters that Weil addressed to an unspecified group in early 1916. She described their travels between locations, shared observations about local cultures, and reported on their daily activities. A newspaper article about their trip, printed in Japanese, is filed in with the correspondence (December 15, 1915, 3 copies). Weil later received letters and postcards from acquaintances in Asia, particularly in late 1916. Gino Merchiorri, a soldier, wrote two letters to Weil about his experiences in the United States Army during World War I.; Gertrude Emerson moved to New York City in late 1916 after being hired by Asia magazine, and often wrote to Weil, who remained in Chicago, about her life there. She commented on her social life and her friends, who included the writer Ernestine Evans and the naturalist William Beebe. In 1919, she traveled to British Guiana (present-day Guyana), stopping shortly, mid-voyage in the Virgin Islands and Barbados. Before her arrival in South America, she described her sea travel and the Caribbean cities and islands she visited. While in Guyana, Emerson described the scenery and everyday life, particularly with regard to Indian "coolie" workers and their culture. After her return to New York City that fall, she discussed her social life, Elsie's articles for Asia, and their shared New York apartment.; Emerson wrote another series of travel letters while visiting Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, and India in 1920 and Mexico in 1924. While in India, she met with Mohandas Gandhi and commented on Indian politics. Though she consistently voiced her love for Weil throughout her correspondence, other topics came to dominate her correspondence. By the mid-1920s, Emerson had fallen in love with a man named Kim, whom she considered marrying. Some of her later letters, including several undated items, are written on long sheets of thin, illustrated paper. Other illustrated items include a brief typed essay with a watercolor depiction of a Flemish portrait (enclosed with her letter of February 9, 1914) and a sketch of the view outside of her window in Winnetka (undated).; Elsie Weil received smaller groups of letters from other friends from the mid-1910s to mid-1920s, including Rose Wilder Lane, who described her life in Mansfield, Missouri, in the late summer and early fall of 1919. She shared her fondness for the scenery of the Ozarks, discussed her career as a writer, and told anecdotes about her experiences. She later wrote about travels in Europe and her life in Paris, France, where she briefly described international relations between the Allied powers just after World War I. She also commented on female involvement in political issues. Blix Leonard of Boston, Massachusetts, and Elmer Stanley Hader of New York City frequently illustrated their letters; some of their sketches and drawings are humorous and cartoonish. Weil also corresponded with Kenneth Durant and Ernestine Evans. Some of Weil's New York correspondents expressed their support for the Bolshevik Revolution in 1919.; The collection includes 3 diaries. The first, which has the title "My Trip Abroad" and "Elsie F. Weil" stamped in gold on its front cover, was intended for use during a trip abroad; Weil used it only to record the name of her ship, the SS Manchuria, and the date of her departure, September 19, 1922. The other two diaries contain brief entries respecting Weil's daily activities for 1920 and 1925, with some significant gaps between entries. These diaries often refer to Weil's social acquaintances, including Gertrude Emerson, "Rose," and others.; The collection's 6 photographic prints include 3 views of Gertrude Emerson on horseback and 1 of Emerson posing outdoors. The other pictures show an unidentified man posing outdoors in a suit and a Buddha statue in a Tokyo temple.; Additional items include magazine and newspaper articles by Gertrude Emerson, Elsie F. Weil, and Ernestine Evans, largely concerning travel to Asia; instructions related to creating flower arrangements; and unused bookplates belonging to Elsie F. Weil, bearing an Asian-style illustration of boats on water. Other visual materials include picture postcards from East Asian countries and a series of postcards from Wisconsin. The final items are a Christmas card and an advertisement once inserted in a newspaper.	Female friendship.; Women, East Indian.; Women teachers.; Women writers.; World War, 1914-1918.; Men--United States.; Portraits.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Advertisements.; Articles.; Bookplates.; Cartoons (humorous images); Christmas cards.; Clippings (information artifacts); Diaries.; Instructions (document genre); Letters (correspondence); Picture postcards.; Photographic postcards.; Photographic prints.	aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat	Barbados--Description and travel.; Boston (Mass.); Chicago (Ill.); China--Description and travel.; Guyana--Description and travel.; India--Description and travel.; Japan--Description and travel.; Korea--Description and travel.; Malaysia--Description and travel.; Mansfield (Mo.); New York (N.Y.)--Social life and customs.; Philippines--Description and travel.; Soviet Union--History--Revolution, 1917-1921.; Virgin Islands--Description and travel.; Winnetka (Ill.)	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Beebe, William, 1877-1962.; Evans, Ernestine, 1889-1967.; Gandhi, Mahatma, 1869-1948.; Gautama Buddha--Statues.; Sen, Gertrude Emerson, -1982.; Durant, Kenneth.; Evans, Ernestine, 1889-1967.; Hader, Elmer, 1889-1973.; Lane, Rose Wilder, 1886-1968.; Leonard, Blix.; Sen, Gertrude Emerson, -1982.; Weil, Jacob.; Weil, Leo.; Weil, Pauline.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	Elsie Frances Weil was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 27, 1889, the daughter of Jacob and Pauline Weil. Her siblings included Leo, Simon, Harvey, and Jacob. After earning a Ph.B. from the University of Chicago in 1910, she pursued a career as a writer and editor for newspapers and magazines. As a young woman, Weil became acquainted with Gertrude Emerson; the women formed a close bond and later lived together in New York City, where Weil was associate editor (1917-1925) and managing editor (1932-1946) for Asia magazine. She worked for multiple additional newspapers throughout her career.; Gertrude Emerson was born in Lake Forest, Illinois, on May 6, 1890, the daughter of Alfred and Alice Emerson. Her siblings included Edith, Willard, and Alfred. After receiving a Ph.B. from the University of Chicago in 1912, Emerson taught at the Girton School in Winnetka, Illinois. She became close friends with Elsie F. Weil during Emerson's time in Illinois, and the women lived together in New York City from the late 1910s to the mid-1920s. Like Weil, Emerson wrote for Asia magazine and other publications. She traveled to Europe and Asia several times, occasionally accompanied by Weil, and later moved permanently to India, marrying Basiswar Sen in Calcutta on November 2, 1932. Gertrude Emerson Sen died in 1982.	Asia Magazine Inc.	lcnaf	NaN	NaN
64	whallone_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-2755wha	whallone_final	Finding Aid for Ella St. John Whallon Collection	This collection contains Ella St. John Whallon's personal correspondence, including letters from friends and family members in Michigan and love letters from her husband, James M. Whallon of Dowagiac, Michigan. The collection also has letters to Lizzie Wittle of Columbia, Pennsylvania, from Edward E. Seifred, a member of the United States Army's 18th Infantry Regiment who served in the Philippines during the early twentieth century. Other items include financial documents, tintype photographs, a commemorative ribbon, and a leather postcard.	The material is in English\n	This collection (63 items) contains Ella St. John Whallon's personal correspondence, including letters from friends and family members in Michigan, as well as love letters from her husband, James M. Whallon of Dowagiac, Michigan. The collection also has letters to Lizzie Wittle of Columbia, Pennsylvania, from Edward E. Seifred, a member of the United States Army's 18th Infantry Regiment who served in the Philippines, and another correspondent, dated between 1903 and 1909. Other items include financial documents, tintype photographs, a commemorative ribbon, and a leather postcard.; The Correspondence series (58 items) contains correspondence related to Ella St. John Whallon and Lizzie Wittle. During the final years of the Civil War, Philena Hood of Saline, Michigan, wrote to Ella St. John about her experiences in school; one of her letters encloses a small piece of fabric (October 16, 1864). Several of Ella's cousins wrote to her during the late 1860s, mostly about family news from Clinton and Lansing, Michigan. One cousin, Wallace J. Hunt, commented on his experiences while serving with the Union Army in Winchester, Virginia; his letter of January 31, 1865, encloses a tintype photograph.; From 1871-1874, James M. Whallon wrote 27 letters and postcards to Ella St. John, pertaining to his life in Dowagiac, Michigan, his feelings for Ella, and their anticipated marriage. After their wedding, he sometimes wrote brief postcards while traveling. In 1872, Ella wrote 1 letter to James and received 2 letters from her mother. In August 1876, a relative wrote to Ella about his experiences at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia. She received a postcard from her brother Frank in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1917, and a partial letter from a friend in 1923.; The second group of correspondence is comprised of 5 letters to Lizzie Wittle of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Edward E. Seifred wrote 3 letters while serving with Company I of the United States Army's 18th Infantry Regiment in Manila, Philippines, in 1903 and 1904. He discussed his feelings for Wittle, proposed marriage, and reflected on his life as a soldier. In 1909, she received 2 letters from "Andrew," who explained his decision to delay marriage until achieving financial security and reported on a couple who had eloped in York, Pennsylvania. Undated items include a leather postcard addressed to Lizzie Wittle with an ink drawing of a bulldog on the back.; Five receipts are integrated with the correspondence, including documentation of wages paid to James M. Whallon during his Civil War service (October 24, 1863) and 4 receipts for Samuel St. John's contributions to a church building (1869-1872).; The Photographs series (3 items) contains a tintype portrait of Ella St. John Whallon, a tintype portrait of Samuel St. John, and a carte-de-visite portrait of Ella St. John Whallon.; \n Ephemera items include a poem that Philena Hood wrote for Ella St. John, with a pencil drawing of a bird on the back, and a ribbon from the 11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment's 1889 reunion in Battle Creek, Michigan.	Centennial Exhibition (1876 : Philadelphia, Pa.); Courtship--United States.; Love-letters.; Women--Education--United States.; Birds.; Bulldog.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Cartes-de-visite (card photographs); Leather.; Letters (correspondence); Poems.; Postcards.; Ribbon (material); Tintypes (prints); Receipts (financial records)	aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat	Dowagiac (Mich.); Jackson (Mich.); Lansing (Mich.); Leoni (Mich. : Township); Manila (Philippines); Saline (Mich.); United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865.; Winchester (Va.)	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	St. John, Samuel, d. 1884.; Whallon, Ella St. John, 1853-1926.; Hood, Philena.; Hunt, Wallace J.; Seifred, Edward E., -1916.; St. John, Frank.; St. John, Mary E. Downs.; Whallon, James M.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	Ella St. John was born in Michigan in November 1853, the daughter of Samuel St. John and Mary E. Downs of Leoni Township, Michigan, and Jackson, Michigan. She had one older brother, Frank. In December 1872, she married James M. Whallon of Dowagiac, Michigan, who was a second lieutenant in the 11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment during the Civil War. They had one daughter, Vinnie (b. 1876). Ella and Vinnie lived with Ella's parents in Jackson County, Michigan. James Whallon died before 1900, and Ella St. John Whallon died in 1926.	United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 18th.; United States. Army. Michigan Cavalry Regiment, 11th (1863-1865)	lcnaf; lcnaf	NaN	NaN
65	whittemorelow_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-2440whi	whittemorelow_final	Finding Aid for Whittemore-Low Family Papers	The papers of the Whittemore, Low, Peck, Parmelee, and Bonticou, families, primarily of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The collection concerns the families' military service, genealogy, travel, and social activities.	The material is in English\n	The \n Correspondence series\n contains approximately 1.5 linear feet of letters, spanning 1776-1939, with the bulk concentrated around 1840-1939. It documents many branches of the family. ; William Whittemore (b. 1761) of Boston, Massachusetts, wrote several of the earliest letters to his brother Amos in London, England, in the late 1790s. These letters primarily pertain to their business producing wool and cotton cards, and address such topics as business difficulties and market conditions in Massachusetts. Other items mention family matters and news, such as the death of their father, Thomas Whittemore (October 10, 1799). Also present are several letters concerning the Hubbard family of New Haven, Connecticut. In a letter to his parents, Thomas Hubbard shared his impressions of Georgetown, South Carolina, which he called a "wicked part" of the world (December 9, 1798). He described his living situation in a "bachelor hall," and referenced his wish to "make a fortune" in the South. ; In the late 1830s, the focus of the correspondence series shifts to William Whittemore Low (1823-1877), the grandson of William Whittemore. The series, which includes both incoming and outgoing letters, documents many aspects of Low's career with the navy. In several early letters, his relatives strongly discouraged him from enlisting: His mother requested that he remain near her (August 9, 1839), and his grandfather wrote, "You will rue the day, should you enter either the Navy or Merchant Service," recommending instead that he become a shopkeeper or lawyer (December 1, 1839). Accompanying these are several recommendations from friends of Low's character and fitness for service. For the period of the 1840s and 1850s, many of the items are orders transferring Low between ships or addressing the logistics of his service. Included is a response to Low's request for detachment from the schooner Graham, signed by Jefferson Davis in his role as U.S. Secretary of War (June 8, 1853). ; Of particular interest are the letters that Low wrote during his Civil War service as commander of the gunboat Octorara from September 1863 to the end of the war. They include a large number of long letters home, some giving excellent descriptions of Low's activities in the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. In a letter dated October 30, 1863, written to his brother Henry, Low anticipated his duties at Mobile but worried, "I am very much afraid that we shall break down before operations commence." In a letter to his father several days later, he gave a good description of the features of the Octorara and noted the repairs made on it (November 11, 1863). ; A few letters during the Civil War period describe engagements and dangers faced onboard the Octorara. These include an account of an engagement on Mobile Bay on the morning of August 5, 1864, in which the Octorara fired on a Confederate ship "at anchor on the West side of the Bay in 2 fathoms water" (August 29, 1864). In an additional letter, Low described an incident in which he and his men mistook a ship for the CSS Nashville but quickly realized their error (September 14, 1864). Incoming letters to Low also shed light on the naval threat of the Confederacy. They include a copy of a letter by Edward La Croix, warning that a torpedo boat "propelled by a small engine" had just been built by Confederates at Selma, Alabama (November 20, 1864), and two letters by naval officer Edward Simpson, conveying intelligence concerning the blockade runner Heroine (March 23, 1865) and discussing the aftermath of the torpedoing of the USS Osage (March 29, 1865). In the latter, Simpson wrote, "I feel deeply for those poor fellows from the Osage and had already resolved on appropriating…one of the tin clads for hospital purposes." He also expressed hope that surgeons could transport the injured without inflicting further harm on them.; A few letters also discuss the logistics of administering oaths of allegiance to southerners. ; Also addressed in Low's Civil War correspondence are fairly routine matters, such as leaves of absences (July 2, 1864), complaints about the system of promotions (July 30, 1864), and a letter relating to the court martial of John Kennedy of the USS Oneida, who was found guilty of treating a superior officer with contempt (June 16, 1864). The series also includes official navy correspondence. Circular letters and orders address such topics as the use of alcohol onboard ships (September 16, 1862), appropriate actions in neutral waters (June 20, 1863), and the retrieval of supplies from Key West, Florida (September 11, 1863). Letters concerning Low's postwar career are much scarcer, but of particular interest is an 11-page description by Fred Patter of the capture of the pirate ship Forward (June 19, 1870).; From the 1870s on, the focus of the collection shifts to William W. Low's daughter, Grace Bonticou Low, and several other family members. Incoming letters to Grace Low begin in 1873, and her uncle, Henry Whittemore Low, and mother, Evelina P. Low, wrote much of the earliest correspondence of this period. Grace’s outgoing correspondence began in 1880 with letters to her family in New Haven about her time in Washington, D.C., where she attended a co-educational school and participated in ice skating, a tour and reception at the White House (Jan. 4, 1881), a reception of the First Lady Lucy Webb Hayes (Jan. 15, 1881), and visits to the Smithsonian Institution. Among her female acquaintances was Frances ("Fanny") Hayes, the daughter of President and Mrs. Hayes. In the mid-1880s, Low attended school in Watervliet, New York, and wrote of her social life and classes there. Her outgoing correspondence ends in 1891. Approximately 100 letters to Grace Low from her brother, Theodore H. Low, date from the mid-1890s to 1939. These regard his time at various naval hospitals in South Carolina, Rhode Island, and Washington D.C. Grace also received around 20 letters from another brother, William Low (1912-1916). Also of interest are letters written to Henry Low, mostly by his nephews, William and Theodore Low. Their correspondence with him includes accounts of their service with the Marines during the Boxer rebellion, Philippine insurrection, and the invasion of several Caribbean countries in 1907-1908. Theodore's later letters provide details of his work as an inventor, including applying for and receiving a patent for a bottle opener. ; Several additional sets of letters provide insights into various female members of the Whittemore, Low, and Parmelee families. Geraldine Whittemore Low wrote a handful of letters to her uncle, Henry W. Low, from New Haven about her recreational activities and social gatherings with friends during the 1880s. They concern Valentine’s Day, her whist club, weddings, balls, and other social events. A set of 30 letters from Julie Parmelee Marston and Mary Parmelee Low, the widow of William Whittemore Low, Jr., to their cousin, Mary E. Redfield in New Haven, relate to their trip to Switzerland between September 1923 and August, 1926. They traveled on the American Line, SS Mongolia, and after their arrival, explored Switzerland, France, and Italy. Both Mary and Julie described their surroundings, cultural events they attended, and the people that they met in Europe. Mary also wrote about her two children, Charlotte and Billy; the expenses of the trip; and several aspects of the children’s education while in Switzerland. ; The \n Letter Books series\n contains four letter books by William Whittemore Low, Sr., between 1840 and 1875, and two kept by Elisha Peck, 1843-1863. The earliest William W. Low letter book spans July 25, 1840-March 19, 1867 and contains 415 letters in its 466 pages. It comprises copies and originals of both incoming and outgoing letters that document much of Low's naval career. Early letters shed light on Low's time onboard the Missouri and the Saratoga and his education at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. Many pertain to transfers, ship inventories, orders, and the enlistment of crews. Of particular interest are letters from the period of Low's service with the Union Navy during the Civil War onboard the St. Louis, Constellation, andOctorara. Both official and personal in nature, they shed light on naval policies, personnel, and Low's wartime experiences.; A significant part of the postwar correspondence relates to a bureaucratic error which resulted in the delay of a promotion for Low from the Board of Admirals. An index appears at the end of the volume.; The second William W. Low, Sr., letter book spans 1865-1875, and contains 212 pages of copied incoming and outgoing letters as well as copied passages from books concerning military science and ordnance, and copies of general orders. The materials pertain to the transportation of supplies, Low's knowledge of ordnance, a proposed article concerning Low for the Army & Navy Journal, Low's recommendations for various navy colleagues, and other subjects. ; The third William W. Low, Sr., letter book spans 1870-1871, and consists of 335 letters within 263 pages. It comprises writer-retained copies of outgoing letters to correspondents in the U.S. Navy. Low wrote the letters while onboard the steam sloop-of-war USS Mohican. His primary correspondents were Rear Admiral John A. Winslow, S.W. Gordon, Rear Admiral Thomas Turner, Commodore William Rogers Taylor, and George M. Robeson. Topics of the correspondence include health and sanitation, supplies, the condition of the ship, the ventilation of the berth deck, and navy financial matters. Low also included in his letters summaries of courts martial for theft, intoxication, and the escape of prisoners, as well as information on casualties, training, and transfers. A series of significant letters in June 1870 record a conflict between San Salvador and Mexico, as well as the capture of the pirate ship Forward.; Also included is a volume of compiled circular letters from the U.S. Navy Department, 1870-1875. Likely kept by William W. Low, Sr., the item contains printed and manuscript letters concerning such topics as courts martial, recordkeeping, uniform regulations, and rank. The book also includes an index of topics in the front.; The first Elisha Peck letter book covers 1843-1863 and contains 30 letters by Peck, most of which he wrote to his wife Grace and children, Evelina ("Eva"), Henry, and Joanna ("Anna"). Peck wrote 11 of the letters while onboard the U.S. sloop of war Portsmouth from 1849-1851; during this time, Peck commanded the ship as part of an effort to stop the illicit slave trade from West Africa. In his letters home, he described terrain that he saw from the ship, expressed his sorrow over being separated from his family, and gave accounts of his experiences. On January 1, 1850, he wrote a letter from Cape Verde, noting that most American and British ships of war took "on board 20 or 30 African Negroes" to row in the "extreme heat of the African sun." He also gave details on the evasive movements of slave traders. In other letters, Low discussed Ghezo, the King of Dahomey and the kingdom's corps of female soldiers (April 20, 1850); the transportation of beeswax and ivory to the coast of present-day Angola (September 1, 1850); and drinking 100-year old wine on Christmas Day (January 2, 1851). Peck wrote most of the remainder of the letters while onboard the Carolina off the Brooklyn Navy Yard, discussing naval happenings and social visits and expressing affection for his children. ; The second Elisha Peck letter book contains writer-retained copies of official naval correspondence written by Peck to various correspondents. The volume spans June 12, 1849-September 1, 1851, and covers the period of Peck's service with the Portsmouth. Letters concern personnel matters, the compiling of returns, disciplinary matters, and other topics. Major recipients include Francis Gregory, William B. Preston, William Craig, and William A. Graham. ; Note: Two additional letter books by Thomas J. Whittemore are located in the Genealogy series because they contain correspondence related only to family research.; The \n Reminiscences, Essays, and Miscellaneous Writings series\n contains various materials written by members of the Whittemore-Low family, including poems; accounts of the military service of William W. Low, Sr., and Theodore Low; short fiction; religious writings; and fragments. Much of the writing is undated and unsigned, but several pieces concerning military duties in China and at the U.S. Naval Academy are attributed to Theodore Low. ; The \n Diaries, Commonplace Books, and Logbook series\n contains 12 volumes kept by various family members between 1820 and 1886. The series consists of two volumes by Grace Bonticou Peck (1820 and 1827), two by William W. Low, Sr. (1844-1845 and [1848-1849]), one by Evelina Peck (1852-1853), one by Henry S. Parmelee (1865), one by Grace B. Low (1886), and five unattributed volumes. ; Grace B. Peck's two volumes contain poems and quotations selected for or dedicated to her by various friends. The entries address subjects such as religion, hope, death, friendship, love, solitude, and the qualities of women. Most of the entries are signed, although few are dated or indicate location. The books kept by William W. Low, Sr., include an early commonplace book and a logbook for the USS Mohican. The latter volume comprises daily entries recording weather, barometer readings, sails set, the use of steam power, and the ship's longitude and latitude. The entries also contain records of minor transgressions, desertions, courts martial, and punishments. Detailed descriptions of the geography of Mazatlan, Altata, Pichilingue Bay, and San Blas, Mexico, are present on pages 35-41. The logbook also records the arrivals and departures of foreign ships and shore parties, the receipt of food and supplies, and the transfer of sailors between ships and to hospitals. Of particular interest is the description of the Mohican's engagement with the pirate ship Forward on June 16-19, 1870 (pages 58-61). The Evelina Peck volume is an album of messages from various friends and acquaintances, including quotations and several original poems. Most of the entries are reminiscences about friendship or expressions of sorrow over an imminent departure. The majority of entries are signed and dated; many mark "New Haven" as their location. The last entry is an ink drawing of a harp and pipe with no date or signature. The entries are in no particular order. Henry S. Parmelee's diary records very brief entries for eight days of Civil War service with the 1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment in March and April 1865. Grace Bonticou Low’s diary dates from January to June 1886, and describes her life as a 21-year old woman staying with her aunt Anna and uncle James in Washington, D.C. Her entries reflect almost entirely on social events, dances, masquerades, visits, theater performances, and church attendance. She often wrote of particular female friends and of the military men she encountered in Washington.; The \n Documents and Receipts series\n contains several subseries based on the original bundles in which the family papers arrived. The subseries are as follows: Elisha Peck Bundle, which spans 1831-1875; Bonticou Bundle (1778-1837); Low Bundle (1895; undated); Washington, D.C. Property Bundle (1880-1883); Property and Pension Bundle (1880-1909); Theodore Low Naval Bundle (1906-1907); Other Documents and Receipts (1729-19[02?]). The bundles contain a wide variety of document types, including military and legal documents, wills, land indentures, pension papers, receipts, and petitions. These shed light on the careers, finances, and transactions of many members of the Whittemore-Low family.; The \n Graphics series\n contains 10 photograph albums, 2 scrapbooks, and approximately 100 cased and paper photographs, totaling approximately 1000 photographs of various kinds. The albums and scrapbooks date from the late-19th and early-20th centuries.; The individual photographs date from the 1840s to the 1890s and depict members of the Low, Whittemore, and Parmelee families, in groups and individually. Subjects of portraits include Theodore Low, Geraldine Low, Henry Wentworth Low, Evelina (Peck) Low, William W. Low, Sr., Mary Frances Parmelee, Eliza Parmelee, Lewis C. Parmelee, Henry Parmelee, Elizabeth Parmelee, Fanny Whittemore, Anna Whittemore, and James M. Whittemore. A wide array of formats, such as daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, crystoleums, and cabinet cards, are present.; The \n Ephemera and Realia series\n contains a variety of items, including invitations, calling cards, fliers, locks of hair from various family members, cloth, and the artificial orange blossoms used to decorate Evelina Peck Low's wedding dress. The items mainly date to the mid- to-late-19th century.; The \n Genealogical Materials series\n contains approximately two linear feet of materials related to the history of the Whittemore-Low family. Items pertain to various lines of the family, including the Whittemores, Lows, Pecks, Bonticous, and Parmelees. Included are newspaper clippings, pamphlets, manuscript records of birth and death dates for various family members, and miscellaneous material giving biographical information. Also present are two letterbooks kept by Thomas J. Whittemore on genealogical matters and inquiries. ; The \n Miscellaneous series\n contains a few scattered notes and envelopes from the late-19th and early 20th-centuries.	Slave trade--Africa.; Wool-carding.; Ainu.; Outdoor recreation.; Yachts.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Ambrotypes (photographs); Daguerreotypes (photographs); Diaries.; Documents.; Ephemera.; Genealogies.; Letter books.; Letters (correspondence); Logs (records); Photograph albums.; Realia.	aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat; aat	Boston (Mass.); New Haven (Conn.); United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Blockades.; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Naval operations.; Japan--Description and travel.; Hawaii--Description and travel.; Nassau (Bahamas); Newport (R.I.); Puerto Rico--Description and travel.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Farragut, David Glasgow, 1801-1870.; Hubbard, Thomas.; Low, Evelina Peck, 1834-1898.; Low, Grace Bonticou, b. ca. 1865.; Low, Theodore, 1870-1939.; Low, William Whittemore, 1823-1877.; Low, William Whittemore, ca. 1869-1916.; Simpson, Edward, 1824-1888.; Whittemore, William.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	\n Whittemore Line\n ; Thomas Whittemore married Anna Cutter around 1753, and they had eleven children, including Amos (1759-1828), William (b. 1761), and Samuel (b. 1774). In 1798, the three aforementioned brothers formed William Whittemore & Co. in Boston and sold wool and cotton cards, which they manufactured with a machine patented by Amos Whittemore in 1797. ; William Whittemore had nine children, including James Madison Whittemore (1796-1866), who married Sarah Lancaster. Their son, James Madison Whittemore, Jr., married Joanna Peck, daughter of Captain Elisha Peck and Grace Bonticou, in 1862. Another grandson of William Whittemore was William Whittemore Low, Sr.; \n Low Line\n ; William Whittemore Low was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1823, the son of Henry Sowers Low and Mary Ann Whittemore of West Cambridge, Massachusetts, and grandson of William Whittemore. Low joined the navy around 1840 and studied at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1847-1848. During the Civil War, he served as lieutenant commander on the side-wheel steamer USS Octorara from 1863-1865. The ship was part of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron and participated in the blockade of Mobile, Alabama. After the war, Low served on the USS Mohican and participated in the capture of the pirate ship Forward in August 1870. ; In 1857, Low married Evelina Peck, the daughter of Elisha Peck and Grace Bonticou. They had three children: Grace (b. ca. 1865), William, Jr. (1869-1916), Theodore (1870-1939), and Geraldine. William and Theodore both served as Marines during the 1890s and 1900s, and around 1908, William married Mary Parmelee (d. 1940), with whom he had two children: Charlotte (b. 1910) and William (b. 1912). After fighting in the Spanish-American War, Boxer Rebellion, and participating in the invasion of several Caribbean countries, William was killed by revolutionaries in Santo Domingo in 1916. Theodore also served in China, the Philippines, and the Caribbean, and although his correspondence spans a much greater period of time, his military career was somewhat shorter than his brother's. Theodore was court martialed in 1907, apparently for embezzling from the post exchange in Puerto Rico, and was granted a medical discharge the following year.; \n Peck Line\n ; Elisha Peck was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 5, 1790, the son of Henry Peck and Hannah Lewis. Peck first went to sea around 1803 as a cabin-boy on the brig Argus. He worked as a merchant until his arrest by the British in London in 1812, at which time he was pressed into British naval service. After his exchange in July 1813, he began his career with the United States Navy, acting as master's mate on Gunboat 93. During his time with the U.S. Navy, which spanned over 40 years, Peck rose up its ranks, eventually reaching the rank of captain. He served on numerous ships, including the United States, Macedonian, Franklin, Brandywine, Java, Delaware, Falmouth, Dolphin, Natchez, and Grampus. In 1849, he commanded the USS Portsmouth in an effort to intercept ships involved in the illegal slave trade with West Africa. In 1855, he was put on the reserve list at the rank of captain. He died on June 11, 1866. ; Peck married Grace Bonticou (b. 1805), daughter of James Bonticou and Joanna Clark, on June 14, 1831. The couple had three children: Evelina (b. 1836) who married William W. Low; Henry (b. 1839); and Joanna (b. ca. 1841), who married James Madison Whittemore, Jr.	Octorara (Side-wheel steamer); Portsmouth (Sloop of war); United States Military Academy.; United States. Navy--History--Civil War, 1861-1865.; United States. Navy--Officers.; United States. Navy--History--Spanish-American War, 1898.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	NaN	NaN
66	wochnac_final.xml	umich-wcl-M-3359.3woc	wochnac_final	Finding Aid for Charles Wochna Letters	This collection is made up of 27 letters that Lieutenant Charles Wochna wrote to his parents while serving with the United States Marine Corps in Korea and Japan during the Korean War.	The material is in English\n	This collection contains 27 letters that Lieutenant Charles Wochna wrote to his parents while serving with the United States Marine Corps in Korea and Japan during the Korean War. Though only one letter is fully dated (January 1, 1954), the letters cover much of his time abroad. ; While stationed abroad, Wochna attended artillery training, participated in several amphibious landing exercises, and constructed bunkers. In their spare time, the American soldiers often played volleyball or other sports. A few letters, written late in the war, discuss Wochna's anticipation of returning home via Japan; in the March 14 letter is a list of items he wished to be shipped to him, and some sketches of emblems that were on his desired clothing. In addition to news of life in Korea, he also mentioned taking periods of rest and relaxation in Japan, and reported purchasing souvenirs in both countries.; Wochna occasionally commented directly on military operations, detailing his experiences upon landing on an unidentified beach (May 15), mentioning the proximity of a peace delegation (August 7), and relaying news of recent operations. In a letter dated June 11, he summarized two schools of thought regarding the presence of American military operations in the country. Other letters refer to the general progress of the war. Wochna's correspondence also reflects his ongoing concern for family members and friends who remained in the United States. He often responded to news of his family, including sadness upon hearing of his grandfather's death (June 14). Wochna frequently offered advice to his brother Jerry, then a student, and requested news about the current football seasons of the Cleveland Browns, Notre Dame Fighting Irish, and Ohio State Buckeyes. He attempted to follow the teams while stationed abroad.	Football--United States.; Korean War, 1950-1953--Amphibious operations.; Marines--Medals, badges, decorations, etc.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Letters (correspondence)	aat	Cleveland (Ohio); Japan--Description and travel.; Korea--Description and travel.	lcsh; lcsh; lcsh	Wochna, Charles.	lcnaf	Lieutenant Charles Wochna served with Company B of the 1st Marine Corps Division in Korea during the Korean War. His parents, Mr. and Mrs. C. Wochna, lived in Cleveland, Ohio. Wochna had at least one sister, who married and had children before the war, and a brother, Jerry.	United States. Marine Corps. Marine Division, 1st.; United States. Marine Corps--Military life.; United States. Marine Corps--Insignia.	lcnaf; lcnaf; lcnaf	NaN	NaN

	ead_id	source_filename	titleproper	Term	Matched_Times	Matched_From	Matched_Paragraph
0	umich-bhl-0375	umich-bhl-0375.xml	Finding Aid for Museum of Anthropological Archaeology (University of Michigan) Records, 1894-2011	Native	1	bioghist	Although anthropological specimens had been part of the University Museums' collections since the mid-1800s, it was not until much later that a discipline-specific museum was created for their research and preservation. Prior to the Museum of Anthropology's establishment in 1922, the earliest archaeological acquisitions came to the University Museum from the Wilkes Expedition to the Pacific from 1838 to 1842. Other significant collections were acquired by Joseph Beal Steere during his many trips to the Amazon, the Andes, the south Pacific and Southeast Asia in the 1870s through the 1890s. His expeditions to the Philippines began a long and continuing tradition of research in that area. Steere was also in charge of the university's natural history collections from 1876 to 1894.; In 1922, Dean C. Worcester, one-time curator of the zoological museum at the university, returned to Ann Arbor from the Philippines to obtain support for an archaeological expedition to investigate Philippine cave sites with Chinese porcelains. Professors Francis Kelsey and Alexander G. Ruthven lent their support and requested that Carl Eugen Guthe lead the expedition with funds contributed anonymously by Horace H. Rackham. Guthe agreed to lead the party, but only if a separate Museum of Anthropology were established to house the material collected.; Guthe's request was granted; in 1922 the University Museums were reorganized and the Museum of Anthropology was formally recognized. Carl Guthe was made the Associate Director of Anthropology in the University Museum. The collection of porcelains Guthe obtained during the three years of the Philippines expedition became the museum's most valuable single collection. Wilbert Hinsdale, formerly dean of the School of Homeopathy, was made custodian in charge of the Collections in Michigan Archaeology. Guthe's collections were housed in the basement of Angell Hall from 1925 to 1927, while Hinsdale's were located in the Museum Building.; In 1928, the Museum of Anthropology moved into the fourth floor of the just completed University Museums Building. The museum consisted of five rooms for collections, seven rooms for offices, a library, and an office. In 1929, Guthe was promoted to director of the museum. One of Guthe's many acts as director was to offer a doctoral fellowship in Aboriginal North American Ceramics to James B. Griffin. Griffin began the fellowship in 1933, completed his degree in 1936, then joined the museum staff. In late 1943 Guthe resigned as director of the museum and recommended that Griffin be appointed as his successor. Administrative conflicts stalled the appointment for several years, but Griffin was finally approved by the Regents as the museum's director in 1946. He held this position until his retirement in 1975.; Upon its establishment, the museum had been arranged into five collection-oriented divisions (also referred to as ranges): the Division of the Great Lakes, the Division of the Orient, the Division of Archaeology, the Division of Ethnology, and the Division of Physical Anthropology. The Division of the Great Lakes dealt with the anthropological resources of the state of Michigan and the areas of other states and Canada that border on the Great Lakes. After Hinsdale died in 1944, Emerson F. Greenman took charge of the Great Lakes Division until 1966.; The Division of the Orient was devoted to collections from Asia and the Far East. Benjamin March was the division's first curator, followed by Kamer Aga-Oglu. The Division of Archaeology was established for the study of archaeological collections around the world, with particular focus on North America. The Ceramic Repository of the Eastern United States, a central sherd repository for prehistoric ceramic materials from the region east of the Rocky Mountains and north of the Gulf of Mexico, was founded within this division in 1927. James Griffin served as curator of the division until he became director, and was succeeded by Albert Spaulding.; The Division of Ethnology was established to house ethnological specimens from around the world, with particular focus on North America. Its first curator was Melvin Gilmore, followed by Volney Jones. The Ethnobotanical Laboratory, a center for the identification and interpretation of plant materials utilized by Native Americans, was established within this division in 1938. The Division of Physical Anthropology was originally not provided with a curator and was essentially inactive until 1966, when C. Loring Brace was appointed as curator. From that point on, the division focused primarily on prehistoric skeletal collections from North America.; The Museum of Anthropology achieved substantial growth during Griffin's long tenure as director. The staff grew from four professional curators to nine, along with additional research associates and assistants. The museum partnered with the Department of Physics in the administration of the Radiocarbon Laboratory from 1949 to 1970; the lab was the second of its kind in the United States. Field programs were greatly expanded, with significant work done in Michigan, the Mississippi Valley, the Southwest, Western and Eastern Europe, and Israel. The museum also took an active role in the university's Department of Anthropology; the museum served as a training ground for most graduate students in archaeology and all curators held academic year appointments in the department, teaching courses and advising numerous doctoral students. Griffin served as chair of the department from 1972 to 1975.; After Griffin's retirement, Richard I. Ford, Curator of Ethnology, was appointed as director, serving until 1981. From that period to the present, the museum's directorship has rotated among the curators of the museum, who generally serve three- or five-year terms.; In February 2014, the Museum was renamed the Museum of Anthropological Archaeology.; The geographic focus of the collections has expanded, with additional curatorial positions provided for materials from Europe, Africa and Mesopotamia. The current ranges include Great Lakes Archaeology, North American Archaeology, Asian Archaeology, Ethnology, Physical Anthropology, New World High Civilizations and Old World High Civilizations. The museum currently has twelve curators, in addition to other professional and support staff.; Today, the Museum of Anthropological Archaeology is one of the major research facilities in the United States for the collection and study of archaeological and ethnological materials.; (A published history of the museum may be found in The University of Michigan, An Encyclopedic Survey. In addition to the historical materials found in this record group, information on the history and activities of the Museum of Anthropological Archaeology may be found in other record groups held by the Bentley Historical Library, most notably the James B. Griffin Papers.)
1	umich-bhl-0420	umich-bhl-0420.xml	Finding aid for the Albert Kahn Associates records, 1825-2014	Death	1	scopecontent	The Albert Kahn Associates records offer researchers the opportunity to study the correspondence, transcripts of speeches, photographs, and architectural drawings of the preeminent, American, industrial architect, Albert Kahn, and his firm, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. On March 21, 2003 (the 134th anniversary of Albert Kahn's birthday), Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. (AKA) donated this collection to the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan to ensure the conservation and accessibility of these records. Through this gift, AKA has shown its commitment to preserving the legacy of Kahn, whose factories on five continents influenced the development of industrial architecture and whose commercial, residential and institutional buildings define the character of Detroit and the University of Michigan today. The collection encompasses 166 linear feet (in 180 boxes) of correspondence, transcripts of speeches, newspaper and journal articles, company files, audiovisual materials, photographs and slides, as well as 90 leather portfolios containing photographs of completed buildings, 22 albums of sample architectural materials, 131 books, and 12,731 architectural drawings in 45 flat-file drawers and 114 oversize tubes.; The narrative and visual materials in the collection illuminate the breadth of Kahn's career and highlight the work of his architectural firm, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., which continued to develop projects after his death, and remains a living institution. In pairing the textual materials with the photographs and architectural drawings associated with Kahn's projects, this collection offers a rich perspective on the master architect himself, illuminating his personal views on his own architecture and its place in a changing and often tumultuous world.
2	umich-bhl-0420	umich-bhl-0420.xml	Finding aid for the Albert Kahn Associates records, 1825-2014	Death	2	bioghist	As America's most influential industrial architect, Albert Kahn revolutionized the health and safety conditions of early twentieth-century factories and worked closely with Henry Ford to implement his vision of the assembly line at the Highland Park and River Rouge automobile plants. Kahn pioneered the use of reinforced concrete, non-intrusive steel structures, natural ventilation and glass building skins to respond to the changing functional needs of the American factory. His pragmatism, ability to listen to the needs of the client and experimentation with innovative building technologies resulted in a new industrial architecture, which inspired the development of European Modernism by Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. Hugely versatile in his design capabilities and strongly interested in historic architecture, Kahn also produced many commercial and institutional icons in Detroit and at the University of Michigan, including the Fisher Building, Detroit Athletic Club, General Motors Building, Hill Auditorium, Angell Hall, William L. Clements Library and Burton Memorial Carillon Tower. This most prolific of American architects built over 2000 projects in his lifetime, including 521 factories in Russia between 1929 and 1932, and in 1938 was constructing 19% of all architect-designed industrial facilities in the United States. When he died in 1942, he had signed defense contracts totaling $200 million for the construction of the Willow Run Bomber Plant and naval bases in Honolulu, Midway Island, Puerto Rico and Kodiak, Alaska, among other war-time facilities.; Born on March 21, 1869 in Rhaunen, Germany, Kahn spent much of his childhood in Echternach, Luxembourg. His father Joseph, an itinerant teacher and rabbi, came to the United States in 1879. Joseph's wife Rosalie and six of their children joined him in 1880 and lived in Baltimore, Maryland for a short time before settling in Detroit. Albert was the oldest of eight children in the Kahn family and showed brilliance as a pianist at an early age. Due to the family's economic hardship, Rosalie advised him to take up a more practical line of work, although she arranged for him to take drawing lessons from the German sculptor Julius Melchers. Kahn completed his formal education after the seventh grade, when he left school to supplement the family's income with odd jobs, including the position of office boy at the architectural firm of John Scott. At the dedication of George Mason's Masonic Temple years later in 1923, Kahn showed his sense of humor when he told the story of being fired from this first job in architecture. To increase his meager income, he worked in a stable before leaving for the office every morning and would arrive at the firm smelling like the horses. He surmised that "most of the men had a very keen sense of smell and I literally got on their olfactory nerves." [1]; After this employment failure, Melchers referred Kahn to the Detroit architectural firm of Mason and Rice in 1885. Here the 26-year-old George Mason recognized his brilliance and promoted him from the position of office boy to draftsman, despite his color vision deficiency. Years later, Kahn expressed his gratitude to Mason for his tutelage, recalling that he and the other apprentices admired George's "indomitable energy, his enthusiasm, his nice criticisms, his general helpfulness, his keen interest in us, his innate ability and his own superior draftsmanship."[2] In 1887, Mason assigned Kahn the job of laying out the famous 660-foot-long porch of the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island Over the ten years that he remained with Mason and Rice, Kahn worked on numerous commissions, including designs for Hiram Walker in Windsor, Ontario.; While working for Mason and Rice in 1891 at the age of 22, Kahn won a $500 travel scholarship, awarded by American Architect and Building News, to study in Europe for a year. He met Henry Bacon, Jr. in Florence and traveled for four months through Italy, France, Belgium and Germany with this young architect, who would later design the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Years later, Kahn said of Bacon, "to me he proved not only a splendid teacher but a real friend whose kindness and stimulating influence I have treasured ever since." [3] It was during this period of educational travel that Kahn developed his love of Palladio and a wide range of historic architectural styles which inspired many of his own later residential, commercial and institutional designs. When he returned from Europe, Kahn was promoted by Mason to chief designer, and in 1892, he turned down a job offer from Adler and Sullivan to fill the position of Frank Lloyd Wright, who had just been fired from the Chicago firm.; In 1896, Kahn married Ernestine Krolik, the daughter of a successful dry goods merchant who was a client of the young architect. A graduate of the University of Michigan, Ernestine was a talented gardener and interior designer, who often advised Albert on matters of color and fabric selection. When speaking of her parents, their daughter Rosalie Kahn Butzel said years later that "they complemented each other wonderfully." [4] Albert and Ernestine had two other daughters, Lydia and Ruth, and one son, Edgar. "Eddie" became the first scorer and captain of the University of Michigan hockey team and, from 1949 to 1971, served as the innovative chairman of neurosurgery at the University of Michigan Hospital (designed by his father in 1919).; Kahn left Mason and Rice in 1895 to found Nettleton, Kahn and Trowbridge with two of his colleagues from Mason's office. The new firm was known for its design of Children's Hospital on St. Antoine Street, financed by Hiram Walker in 1896. When Alexander B. Trowbridge left Detroit to become dean of the College of Architecture at Cornell University in 1877, the firm was renamed Nettleton and Kahn, until George W. Nettleton died in 1900. Kahn then joined with George Mason briefly, producing the Palms Apartments (1901-1902) on Jefferson Avenue and the initial design for the Pantheon-inspired Temple Beth El (1902) on Woodward Avenue. The Palms project represented Kahn's earliest experimentation with reinforced concrete structures, which would soon revolutionize his design of American factories.; By 1903, Kahn had joined with a talented designer to form the firm of Albert Kahn, Architect, Ernest Wilby, Associate. Wilby practiced with Kahn until 1918 and made a major contribution to the innovative designs of the Ford Motor Company Highland Park Plant in Dearborn (1908-09) and Hill Auditorium (1913) and the Natural Science Building (1917) at the University of Michigan. 1903 was also the year that Kahn's brother Julius became chief engineer of the firm and began his ground-breaking collaboration with Albert on the use of reinforced concrete in industrial design, which would have global impact. Albert had helped educate Julius, who received his B.S. and C.E. degrees at the University of Michigan. Having served as an engineer for the U.S. Navy and the U. S. Engineering Corps from 1896 to 1903, Julius brought technical expertise in structural design to the firm. Thus began Albert's revolutionary practice of joining the multiple disciplines of architecture and engineering under one professional roof, just as he would incorporate multi-functional operations into his subsequent designs of assembly-line factories.; Kahn's first factory built of reinforced concrete in Detroit was Building Number 10 for the Packard Motor Company (1905). In 1903, Henry Joy had commissioned Kahn to design an automobile plant on 40 acres on East Grand Boulevard. The first nine buildings which Kahn produced on the site were of conventional, nineteenth-century, timber construction, which caused mills to be prone to fire and impeded production because of the need for numerous structural posts. After experimenting with and perfecting his "Kahn system" [5] of reinforced concrete in the University of Michigan Engineering Building (1903), Julius collaborated with Albert on the structural design of the two-story Packard Building No. 10 using this innovative technology. The Kahn system soon revolutionized the design of factories nation-wide because reinforced concrete buildings were more fire-proof, vibration from large machinery was minimized, assembly floors could be more open and flexible through the use of fewer columns and larger double-hung window openings permitted more natural light and ventilation for workers. Packard Building Number 10 was so technologically advanced that it attracted the attention of tourists, who flocked to the site, and, most importantly, Henry Ford.; Ford approached Kahn in 1908 to build an automobile plant for the manufacture of his Model T automobiles on a new 180-acre site in Highland Park, when it appeared that his first two factories were becoming obsolete. Thus began a long-term partnership between two geniuses: Ford, who foresaw the futuristic advantages of assembly-line production, and Kahn, who "found aesthetic values in the forms engendered by new techniques and functional considerations." [6] In implementing Ford's vision over the next 34 years of their collaboration, Kahn completed over 1,000 projects for the Ford Motor Company, with the "Crystal Palace" [7] at Highland Park being perhaps his most famous.; The Highland Park main assembly building (1910), with the first mechanized assembly line, was a four-story, concrete structure, 840 feet long. Through the use of imported steel-frame, floor-to-ceiling sash, Kahn further improved the health and safety conditions of the American factory. Over the next five years, Kahn added a 5-smokestack power house, an administration building with a frieze of glazed tiles, other assembly buildings and steel-framed atriums between the structures. Gravity conveyances and overhead, traveling cranes in the atriums moved raw materials down the four levels of the plant to the final assembly-line area on the first floor, where 700,000 Tin Lizzies would be produced by the year 1917. In its stunning simplicity, its innovative use of steel, brick and glass and its new aesthetic principle of form following function, the Crystal Palace is thought to have inspired the work of Walter Gropius in his 1914 Faguswerk [8] and influenced the development of European Modernism.; When the Highland Park automobile operation outgrew its site, Henry Ford purchased 2000 acres on the River Rouge in 1917 and commissioned Kahn to design and construct what would become the largest manufacturing complex in the world. The design of the River Rouge plant cemented his reputation as the father of American industrial architecture. In the first assembly Building B, where Ford produced the Eagle Submarine Chaser for the U. S. Navy, the continuous moveable assembly line was further perfected in a one-half-mile-long, one-story, steel structure, which was economically and quickly built for the World War I military operation. Here the first steel, saw-tooth roof and glass and steel sash cladding were to become the hallmarks of Kahn's innovative industrial work.; Although Kahn expanded the Ford Motor Company Rouge River plant with more buildings to house the cement, motor assembly, open hearth and pressed steel operations in the early 1920s, his 1922 Glass Plant on the site was "the building of greatest significance, both in terms of Kahn's career and in the larger history of industrial architecture." [9] The steel cage construction, saw-tooth roof and glass curtain walls, while breathtakingly minimalist on the exterior, provided the flexibility and open space to perfectly accommodate the manufacturing processes on the interior. This architectural icon within the most renown industrial site in the world changed the form and function of American industrial architecture at home and abroad and inspired the work of other architects, engineers and artists.; Kahn certainly recognized the aesthetic values in his "beautiful factories," [10] as he called them, although he would not have had the historical perspective at the time to understand the impact of his designs on the emerging Modern movement. In his characteristically solution-oriented way of thinking, he expressed his views on industrial architecture in a 1940 speech to the New York Society of Architects: The simpler the exterior the better it is, as a rule, for are we not quite agreed that a straight forward and direct expression of the function of the structure is an important element in all architecture, even the purely monumental; that proper proportions, effective grouping and good outline may be produced at no increase in cost; that these are infinitely more desirable than elaborate ornamentation, no matter how well executed. [11]; As a result of his breakthrough industrial work for Ford, Kahn received commissions to construct 150 major buildings for General Motors Corporation and many for Chrysler. He also produced manufacturing facilities for companies which were turning out clothing, textiles, food, cement and other products. His reputation for building efficient plants on-time and under-budget caused his office to grow to 400 staff members by 1920 and to bring in more than $1,000,000 of work a week. By 1939, Kahn's office, with a staff of 600, was constructing 19% of all architect-designed industrial facilities in the United States, his Chrysler Dodge Half-Ton Truck Plant (1938) in Warren, Michigan, being among the best known. Mies van der Rohe was inspired by Kahn's Glenn L. Martin Company aircraft assembly building (1937), with its 135,000-square-foot, column-free work area, spanned by the longest, flat-roof trusses ever used in a building.; By 1929, the famed collaboration of Henry Ford and Albert Kahn on the River Rouge Plant had come to the attention of the Russians, who admired their efficient accommodation of industrial design to the principles of mass production. Representatives of the Amtorg Trading Corporation came to Detroit to propose that Kahn become the consulting architect to the Soviet Union in the initiation of Stalin's First Five-Year Plan to industrialize his nation. Between 1929 and 1932, with Kahn's brother Moritz at the helm of the his Moscow architectural/engineering office, the firm produced 521 tractor, steel, auto, airplane and chemical plants for $2 billion, the largest architectural design project in the firm's history. [12] Twenty-five professionals from the Detroit firm set up the Moscow office and trained over 4,000 Soviet engineers, architects and other personnel. The tractor factories at Stalingrad and Cheliabinsk were two of the largest plants built under Kahn's supervision. The Stalingrad plant, designed with a 1300-foot-long assembly area to produce 40,000 tractors a year, was constructed in a record six months. The factory was later the site of the pivotal battle of Stalingrad, where the Russians were victorious over the Germans and turned the tide of World War II.; One of the reasons for Kahn's world-wide reputation in industrial architecture was his ground-breaking establishment of a non-traditional, multi-disciplinary firm of designers, mechanical and structural engineers, cost accountants and job managers, who could provide the full range of design/build functions in-house. Through this collaboration of professionals within one firm, Kahn could make construction more efficient and less costly for clients. He had raised factory design to a legitimate level of architectural practice and years later would recall:; When I began, the real architects would design only museums, cathedrals, capitols, monuments. The office boy was considered good enough to do factory buildings. I'm still that office boy designing factories. I have no dignity to be impaired. [13]; The final chapter in Kahn's industrial architecture career focuses on his contributions to America's "Arsenal of Democracy" [14] during World War II. Between 1914 and 1917, Kahn had constructed the first hangar building ever built at Langley Field, the Ford Eagle Shipbuilding Factory at River Rouge and the majority of the country's World War I naval bases and army airfields. In the last three years of his life, his firm took on the bulk of the U. S. Defense Department's contracts for World War II, totaling $200 million. These included naval bases in Alaska, Hawaii, Midway Island, Puerto Rico and Jacksonville, Florida. Kahn also constructed the Chrysler Tank Arsenal (1941) and numerous airplane factories, the largest of which was the 70-acre Ford Motor Company Willow Run Bomber factory (1943) at Ypsilanti, Michigan. Willow Run was Kahn's last industrial project for Ford. The B-24 Liberator bomber was produced here in a 4,000,000-square-foot, artificially lighted assembly plant to guard against the threat of night attack. This was the world's largest industrial facility, producing one bomber every 24 hours. In 1942, just before Kahn's death, the American Institute of Architects presented him with a special award, the citation for which read:; Master of concrete and steel, master of space and time, he stands today at the forefront of our profession in meeting the colossal demands of a Government in need. [15]; Kahn's greatest significance in architectural history is his design of technologically innovative industrial buildings of "utmost simplicity, rational construction, functional efficiency and a striking expressive aspect.[16] However, he is also renowned for changing the skyline of Detroit with his institutional, commercial and residential buildings of exceptional merit. Fifty of his buildings in the city and environs have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places, honoring the exceptional breadth of Kahn's design repertoire. It was in his non-industrial work that he showed himself to be a keen student of historical architecture, having sketched many works of antiquity and later centuries during his European travels. Many of his residences, synagogues, bank buildings and office structures pull from classical, Italian Renaissance or English Tudor and Georgian sources. He showed versatility and innovation in his pairing of industrial-style reinforced concrete and steel structures with an historic aesthetic in many of his buildings.; Even before designing Packard Number 10 (1905) for Henry Joy, Kahn was experimenting with reinforced concrete in the design of the Palms Apartment House (1902) on Jefferson Avenue with George Mason. He used industrial steel trusses to support the dome of another early work, the Temple Beth El (1903) on Woodward Avenue. This oldest synagogue building in Detroit was inspired by the Roman Pantheon, a photo of which was framed over Kahn's desk. Its severely altered French Classical facade is now the Bonstelle Theater of Wayne State University. Kahn's design versatility is also seen in his National Theatre (1910) on Monroe Street. Here he collaborated with his chief designer Ernest Wilby to bring together Baroque, Moorish and Beaux-Arts elements in an imaginative, terra-cotta building, which was breathtaking when the lattice-work twin-towers were illuminated at night.; Kahn's residential work also demonstrated his design versatility and ability to combine structural innovation with historical architectural elements. In his own house on Mack Avenue (1907) and in other residential commissions for captains of industry, Kahn showed a penchant for English Domestic Revival and Tudor styles, as seen in George Booth's Cranbrook House (1907), with its use of Arts and Crafts detailing and Pewabic tiles. The later English Cotswold-style mansion of Edsel and Eleanor Ford in Grosse Pointe Shores (1929) is considered one of his finest residential designs. Here Kahn used industrial-style concrete for the floors and steel roof trusses, but faced the building with traditional sandstone. The roof stones were split by expert English craftsmen who were imported to Detroit for this project, along with the materials.; Kahn's facility with a broad palette of historical styles influenced his design of many of Detroit's commercial and institutional icons, which contribute to the character of the city even today. His famous Detroit Athletic Club (1915) was inspired by the New York work of McKim, Mead and White and by Rome's Farnese Palace, which Kahn toured and sketched in 1912. The Italian Renaissance style was selected to give this important meeting place for leaders of the automobile industry the appropriate elegance and dignity. Between 1911 and 1926, Kahn completed numerous corporate buildings which combine industrial structure with traditional stylistic elements: Detroit Trust Company (1915), Detroit News Building (1916), First National Bank (1922) and the world famous General Motors (Durant) Building (1922) are among a few of these. The GM Building was the largest office building in the world at that time, with four cross-wings of 15 stories each, which ensured that each of the 1,800 offices had access to natural light and ventilation. With a Sullivanesque, skyscraper-style concept of base, shaft and capital, this monumental 1,320,000 square-foot structure is known for its Italian Renaissance, triple-arched entry with Ionic pilasters and its two-story-high, capital crown of Corinthian columns. Thought by many to be "Albert Kahn's personal masterpiece in commercial architecture,"[17] the building was renovated in 2002 by Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. for the State of Michigan at a cost of $126 million.; As the Art Deco style took hold in the mid-1920s, Kahn showed himself to be a master of this vocabulary as well, using the New York formula of step-back massing in his Detroit Free Press Building (1925) and Maccabees Building (1927). However, it was his 28-story Fisher Building (1927) which attracted national attention when the Architecture League of New York recognized it as the year's most beautiful commercial building in 1928. The Detroit chapter of the American Institute of Architects named this historic icon the "Building of the Century"[18] in 2000. Because the seven Fisher brothers of Fisher Body Company envisioned the finest office building in the world, which was to anchor a second Detroit commercial district, they gave Kahn no budget for this Art Deco masterpiece. Kahn installed a 3,000-seat theater within the building, applied an exterior trim of solid bronze and designed the interior with 40 shades of marble and a vaulted arcade. A final Art Deco Kahn building of note is the Livingstone Light (1929-1930) on Belle Isle, a 58-foot-high, marble and bronze monument to William Livingstone, who had founded the Lake Carriers Association in 1901.; Just as Kahn used many of the structural principals of his industrial buildings in his commercial designs, so too in his buildings at the University of Michigan, he showed a commitment to providing natural lighting and ventilation to the students and faculty who labored within. Between 1903 and 1938, he worked with Presidents James B. Angell, Harry B. Hutchins and Marion L. Burton to design 23 buildings and additions, significantly changing the skyline of the university at a time of tremendous growth. From the Engineering Building (1903), with its pioneering reinforced concrete structure, to Hill Auditorium (1913), the Natural Science Building (1917) and General Library (1919), with their brick, stone and tile strapwork trim, Kahn divorced himself from the Gothic Academicism of traditional university architecture with new elements which both delighted and angered alumni/ae. His prolific work on the campus in the first two decades also included the Helen Newberry and Betsy Barbour Residence Halls (1915 and 1918) and Sigma Phi and Delta Upsilon fraternity houses (1898 and 1903), among others.; During the post-war building boom of the early 1920s, Kahn served as consulting architect on the university's "Committee of Five,"[19] composed of President Burton, Professor John Shepard, Regent William Clements and Regent Benjamin Hanchett. The committee was appointed to make all decisions related to the construction of new buildings. During this time he designed the William L. Clements Library to house the regent's collection of rare Americana. Using Italian Renaissance design elements which he had seen and sketched on his trips to Europe, Kahn created a majestic, triple-arched portico for this architectural gem, which is said to have been his favorite building. For the commanding Literary Building (Angell Hall, 1922), he used a monumental Doric portico to remove attention from the long, horizontal structure behind it, which was reminiscent of his non-production, industrial buildings. Other important campus works were the University of Michigan Hospital (1920), the Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research (1924), the Museums Building (1927) and the Burton Memorial Carillon Tower (1936).; Albert Kahn was honored for his achievements in modern industrial architecture many times during his illustrious career. He received honorary degrees from the University of Michigan in 1933 and Syracuse University in 1942. In 1937, he was awarded the "Chevalier Legion D'Honneur" by the Republic of France and a gold medal at the Paris International Exposition of Arts and Sciences. In addition to the special award given to him by the American Institute of Architects for his wartime service in 1942, he also received the Frank P. Brown medal posthumously from The Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania in 1943. Kahn's success in pioneering a global industrial architecture was predicated on his pragmatic, solution-oriented mind, his interest in technological innovation, his ability to listen to his clients' needs, his indefatigable energy and his legendary work ethic. Kahn's famous quote below succinctly sums up his views on industrial architecture: In spite of the fact that architecture today is in my opinion only about 10% art and 90% business, the architect must have constantly before him the final result - the artistic, the practical and the economic.[20]; Albert Kahn passed away on December 8, 1942. Well after his death, his architectural firm, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., remains an international leader in the design of highly specialized, efficient, flexible, and expandable factory buildings that enhance the flow of the manufacturing process. Examples of such factories include the Nissan Motor Manufacturing Corporation USA assembly plant in Smyrna, Tennessee, and the BMW Manufacturing Corporation assembly plant in Spartanburg, South Carolina.[21]; In addition to designing and building numerous factories and buildings across the United States, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. has designed a number of notable buildings in Michigan since 1942, including the Providence Medical Center in Novi, Michigan, the Ford Research and Engineering Center in Dearborn, Michigan, and the General Motors Building Prototype Wing 4A, and Grand Circus Park, in Detroit, Michigan. On the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor in particular, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. constructed a number of prominent buildings in recent years that have become part of the public "face" of the university.; One such building is the University of Michigan's University Hospital, which was built on top of a bluff overlooking the Huron River and the city of Ann Arbor. This hospital is considered to be one of the best of its kind due to its maximum energy efficiency and its use of modern technologies. It is the clinical care cornerstone of the University of Michigan Health System, which consistently ranks among the best health care institutions in the United States. The University Hospital was planned by Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. in 1980, construction was completed in 1986, and the hospital won the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) National Energy prize in 1989.[22]; Another prominent building is the Duderstadt Center, originally called the University of Michigan Media Union, on the University of Michigan's north campus in Ann Arbor. The Duderstadt Center was built to change the formality of education, and was the result of advanced technologies developed with the resources of four university departments: Architecture and Urban Planning, Art and Design, Engineering, and Music, Theatre, and Dance. The building is structured around modern technological spaces that allow for the creation of information laboratories where students can learn through the utilization of media. Architecturally, it is particularly known for its vast, north-facing expanse of glass that illuminates the first floor atrium and second floor lobby, as well as for the pyramidal skylight over the center of the building, which further enhances the openness of the core space. Designed by Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. in the early 1990s, the building opened its doors in 1996.[23]; In 1998, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. opened a second office in São Paulo, Brazil. As the world's third largest city, and the largest city in South America, the firm saw opportunities for growth and continuing development in the industrial, health care, and corporate markets of the region. A successful part of Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. since 1998, Kahn do Brasil Ltda. strengthens the firm's ability to provide a wide variety of design, consulting, and business planning services to clients in South America and beyond.[24] With offices in both Detroit, Michigan and São Paulo, Brazil, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. has built an expertise in a variety of markets, including corporate, health care, automotive, industrial, research and technology, higher education, and government. Today, the firm ranks among the Top 200 architectural firms in the United States, and is internationally recognized for both its broad historical significance and for its revolutionary, award-winning designs.[25]; ______________________; Notes; [1] Speech by Albert Kahn honoring George Mason at Masonic Temple Dedication, given to Michigan Society of Architects, 1923, Box 1, Albert Kahn Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.; [2] Ibid.; [3] Speech by Albert Kahn given to Boston Society of Architects, "Industrial Architecture - Its Problems and Obligations," 11/12/40, Box 1, Albert Kahn Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.; [4] Richard Bak, "Blueprint for Detroit," HOUR Detroit(May, 2000, reprinted by Albert Kahn Associates, Inc.), p. 2.; [5] W. Hawkins Ferry The Legacy of Albert Kahn(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), p. 11.; [6] Ibid.; [7] Richard Bak, "Blueprint for Detroit," HOUR Detroit, p. 2.; [8] Grant Hildebrand, "Beautiful Factories," Albert Kahn: Inspiration for the Modern, edited by Brian Carter (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Museum of Art, 2001), p. 20.; [9] Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., "The AIA 2003 Gold Medal Submission: Albert Kahn, FAIA, 1869-1942" (2003), p. 10.; [10] Grant Hildebrand, "Beautiful Factories," Albert Kahn: Inspiration for the Modern, p.17.; [11] Speech by Albert Kahn to the New York Society of Archiects, "Industrial Architecture - An Opportunity and Challenge," 9/27/1940, Box 1, Albert Kahn Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.; [12] Anatole Senkevich, Jr., "Albert Kahn's Great Soviet Venture as Architect of the First Five-Year Plan, 1929-1932," Dimensions, Vol Ten (1996), p. 45.; [13] Janet Kreger, "Albert Kahn and the Design of Angell Hall," LSA Magazine(Spring, 1998), p. 5.; [14] W. Hawkins Ferry The Legacy of Albert Kahn, p. 25.; [15] Eric J. Hill and John Gallagher AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003), p. 118.; [16] Anatole Senkevitch, Jr. "Albert Kahn's Great Soviet Venture as Architect of the First Five-Year Plan, 1929-1932," p. 35.; [17] Eric J. Hill and John Gallagher AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture, p. 176.; [18] Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., "The AIA 2003 Gold Medal Submission: Albert Kahn, FAIA, 1969-1942," p. 3.; [19] Janet L. Kreger, "Albert Kahn and the Design of Angell Hall," LSA Magazine, p. 8.; [20] Speech by Albert Kahn to the Adcraft Club, "Thirty Minutes of American Architecture and Architects," 11/22/1937, Box 1, Albert Kahn Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.; [21] L'Arca Edizioni, Albert Kahn Associates: Continuing the Legacy, (2000), p. 8.; [22] Ibid, p. 19.; [23] Ibid, p. 63.; [24] "Where." Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. Viewed June 13, 2017. http://www.albertkahn.com/where.php; [25] "Albert Kahn Associates, Inc." Linkedin. Viewed June 13, 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/company/albert-kahn-family-of-companies
3	umich-bhl-0420	umich-bhl-0420.xml	Finding aid for the Albert Kahn Associates records, 1825-2014	Death	1	abstract	Albert Kahn was a Detroit-based architect, active from 1896 to 1942. He founded the firm, Albert Kahn Associated Architects & Engineers, which is today known as Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. He was best known for his industrial design work, including the Ford Motor Company's Highland Park and River Rouge plants; numerous commercial buildings in Detroit such as the Fisher Building, Detroit Athletic Club, and General Motors Building; and much of the University of Michigan's Central Campus, including Angell Hall, the Clements Library, and Hill Auditorium, as well as the Willow Run Bomber Plant near Ann Arbor, Michigan. After Kahn's death in 1942, his architectural firm, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., has continued to be a worldwide leader in the design of factory buildings that enhance the manufacturing process. The Albert Kahn Associates records are composed of materials produced by Albert Kahn the architect, as well as materials produced by his firm, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., and include correspondence, company files, photographs, published materials, and architectural drawings.
4	umich-bhl-0420	umich-bhl-0420.xml	Finding aid for the Albert Kahn Associates records, 1825-2014	Remains	1	scopecontent	The Albert Kahn Associates records offer researchers the opportunity to study the correspondence, transcripts of speeches, photographs, and architectural drawings of the preeminent, American, industrial architect, Albert Kahn, and his firm, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. On March 21, 2003 (the 134th anniversary of Albert Kahn's birthday), Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. (AKA) donated this collection to the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan to ensure the conservation and accessibility of these records. Through this gift, AKA has shown its commitment to preserving the legacy of Kahn, whose factories on five continents influenced the development of industrial architecture and whose commercial, residential and institutional buildings define the character of Detroit and the University of Michigan today. The collection encompasses 166 linear feet (in 180 boxes) of correspondence, transcripts of speeches, newspaper and journal articles, company files, audiovisual materials, photographs and slides, as well as 90 leather portfolios containing photographs of completed buildings, 22 albums of sample architectural materials, 131 books, and 12,731 architectural drawings in 45 flat-file drawers and 114 oversize tubes.; The narrative and visual materials in the collection illuminate the breadth of Kahn's career and highlight the work of his architectural firm, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., which continued to develop projects after his death, and remains a living institution. In pairing the textual materials with the photographs and architectural drawings associated with Kahn's projects, this collection offers a rich perspective on the master architect himself, illuminating his personal views on his own architecture and its place in a changing and often tumultuous world.
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181	umich-bhl-9573	umich-bhl-9573.xml	Finding Aid for Walker Lee Cisler Papers	Death	1	bioghist	Walker Lee Cisler was born in Marietta, Ohio in 1897, the son of a country doctor. At the age of four his parents divorced, and Cisler was subsequently raised by his mother in Wallingford, Pennsylvania. In 1917, following his graduation from Westchester High school in 1913, Cisler enrolled in Cornell University. Interrupting his schooling, Cisler saw brief service in the infantry during the First World War. He returned to Cornell in 1919 where he majored in mechanical engineering. He graduated in 1922.; After college, Cisler accepted a cadet position with the Public Service Electric and Gas Company of New Jersey. Cadets were groomed for upper level administrative positions within the company. During this two year appointment, on-the-job training was augmented by participation in company study groups and evening courses in business and economics at New York University. Over the next two decades, Cisler rose through the ranks and eventually became Assistant General Manager of Power Plants.; In 1941 Cisler was appointed to the Office of Production Management (OPM), a division of the War Production Board (WPB). The OPM was composed of three industry consultants working in conjunction with federal planners to coordinate production for civilian and military consumption. As a member of the Power Division, Walker Cisler was responsible for balancing allied demands for electricity against domestic power requirements.; While engaged in this war service, Cisler accepted a position as Chief Engineer of Power Plants with the Detroit Edison Company. Effective October 1, 1943, this appointment was not actualized immediately as Cisler was first commissioned as a Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army and sent to the Mediterranean theatre to survey electrical facilities. This three-month term of service was repeatedly extended and a promotion to full Colonel followed. In 1944, on the recommendation of the Secretary of the Army, Walker Cisler was appointed to General Eisenhower's staff as Chief of the Public Utilities Section, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF). In this position, he assumed primary responsibility for the restoration of electrical services in recently liberated areas.; With the cessation of hostilities in Europe, Cisler served in Berlin as Chief of the Public Utilities Section in the Office of Military Government of Germany. Even with the termination of his active duty status in late 1945, Cisler continued his involvement in European reconstruction as principal advisor to the State Department on electrical power issues. He also worked as chief consultant on electrical power to the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) and successor organizations, the Mutual Security Agency (MSA), the Foreign Operations Administration (FOA), and the International Cooperation Administration (ICA). Cisler was officially discharged from military service in 1952.; Upon his return from Europe in 1945, Cisler assumed the duties of Chief Engineer of Power Plants with the Detroit Edison Company. By 1947 he had also been appointed Vice President of Employee Relations. In 1948, his expanded duties were consolidated under the title executive vice president. In 1951, he was appointed to the Board of Directors and subsequently promoted to President and General Manager. Upon the retirement of Prentiss M. Brown in 1954, Walker Cisler was confirmed as Chief Executive Officer of Detroit Edison. He served in this capacity until 1971 at which time he was succeeded by William G. Meese. In 1964 Walker Cisler was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors, a post he held until 1975.; While at Detroit Edison, Walker Cisler focused a great deal of attention on the development of atomic power as a commercial resource. To this end he served as Executive Secretary to the Industrial Advisory Board of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) beginning in 1947. Under his direction, the board issued a report to the AEC in 1951 requesting permission to begin industrial development of a fast neutron breeder reactor. This report led directly to a feasibility study conducted by the newly formed Nuclear Power Development Department of the AEC. By 1953, twenty-six power utilities and large corporations nationwide had expressed interest in collaborating on the project. And in 1954, Congress amended the Atomic Energy Act and thus empowered the AEC to license the distribution of fuel for commercial nuclear development and to exercise oversight of construction and safety standards.; Having cleared all legal obstacles to the construction of a commercially managed nuclear reactor, a consortium of electric power systems, engineering, and manufacturing firms established in 1954 the Atomic Power Development Corporation (APDA). Recognized as a leader in the field, Walker Cisler agreed to serve as President and to work to coordinate collaboration in the research and development of a fast neutron breeder reactor. Power Reactor Development Associates (PRDC), a companion corporation to APDA was established to handle actual construction and operation of the first commercially managed nuclear reactor. With Walker Cisler as President in 1956, PRDC functioned as a legal buffer in limiting the liability of APDA's member organizations. Under Cisler's guidance, APDA and PRDC jointly constituted a vehicle for national participation in the development of the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant at Lagoona Beach, Monroe County, Michigan. As a member of both APDA and PRDC and through the involvement of its managerial and technical personnel, Detroit Edison participated in the construction and operation of Fermi. Detroit Edison also owned and operated the steam generators and steam turbine facilities needed to convert heat generated by the reactor into electrical power suitable for distribution.; Over the next seventeen years, from 1955 to 1972, Cisler and the Fermi plant were closely associated in the public's mind. Despite the ultimate failure of the plant (the reactor was decommissioned in 1972), Cisler never wavered in his espousal of the need to develop peaceful uses for nuclear power. He also saw the need to involve the international community in this effort. He was among the founders of the World Power Conference (WPC) and its successor organization, the World Energy Conference (WEC). In 1968, Cisler was elected chairman of the International Executive Council of WEC, and in 1974, under his leadership, Detroit hosted the meeting of the full body of the WEC.; Cisler retired from Detroit Edison in 1975, but remained active in the international energy scene primarily through his work with Overseas Advisory Associates Inc. (OAAI), which he had founded in 1972 to utilize the expertise of retired energy executives for overseas consulting. OAAI functioned globally, but focused on activity in the Middle and Far East. The most intensive OAAI contracts involved the establishment of a modern energy infrastructure in Saudi Arabia.; In addition, Cisler was active in scientific, civic, political, and business affairs throughout his career. He served as the long-time Chairman of the Thomas Alva Edison Foundation. He also served on the boards of directors of a wide range of organizations devoted to revitalizing Detroit and improving the public welfare. He presided over many programs sponsored by the Economic Club of Detroit and served as a member and interim Chairman of Freuhauf Corporation's Board of Directors.; Walker Cisler remained active in his many endeavors until his death on October 18, 1994 at the age of 97.
182	umich-bhl-9833	umich-bhl-9833.xml	Finding Aid for Edward Gajec Papers	Death	1	bioghist	Edward Gajec was a musician, a music educator, a technician for the Detroit Board of Education, and a promoter of ethnic festivals. Gajec was born in 1918, and was educated at Detroit's Cass Technical High School and Wayne State University. In the 1950s, Gajec organized bands and orchestras which played at Polish community events, and was active in the Detroit-Hamtramck Polish community. In the 1960s, he helped organize ethnic festivals in downtown Detroit, as well as the annual Freedom Festival, which was jointly celebrated by Windsor and Detroit. In addition to his work on the festivals, Gajec was involved in Detroit's International Institute and promoted ethnic radio broadcasts. He worked as an equipment technician for the Detroit Board of Education from 1967 to 1997, when he retired. Gajec remained active in local musical and ethnic activities until his death in 1998.
183	umich-bhl-9840	umich-bhl-9840.xml	Finding aid for Charles W. Lane papers, 1935-1997	Types	1	scopecontent	The collection is arranged into five series, Brigham Building System, Lane Projects, Huron High School, Personal and World War II Military Service. The series include the many projects that Charles Wesley Lane worked on during his architectural career and some materials from his military service as well. The collection is composed of photographs, slides, microfilm, microfiche and prints. The researcher will be interested in the variety of architectural projects in which Lane was involved, which include schools, mobile homes, churches, and other types of structures. A small number of photographs of Nagasaki after the atomic bomb may also be of interest.
184	umich-bhl-9940	umich-bhl-9940.xml	Finding Aid for James J. Blanchard Papers, 1982-2002	Remains	2	scopecontent	James J. Blanchard, as Governor of Michigan, was the chief executive of the state. He was vested with the power to execute the laws of the state and to issue executive orders. He supervised the nineteen departments of the executive branch, ran the executive office of the governor, and appointed members to state boards and commissions. The governor submitted messages to the state legislature and recommended measures considered necessary or desirable; in short, Blanchard set a legislative agenda. A key element of this agenda were the annual state budgets submitted to the legislature, recommending revenues to meet proposed expenditures. Although Blanchard had the power to grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, he exercised this power with care. Blanchard also was empowered to seek extraditions and issue warrants on fugitives from justice. Finally, as governor, Blanchard was the commander-in-chief of the state's armed forces. In addition to these roles defined by law, custom, and practice, Blanchard used the governorship as a platform from which to champion Michigan.; In the course of completing the many tasks inhering in the office of governor, Blanchard and his executive office created and reviewed a welter of written documents. These records and papers provide an important source documenting the executive actions for the years of Blanchard's tenure, 1983-1990. Many are in the departmental files at the State Archives. This collection of papers at the Bentley Library constitutes that portion of executive documentation which Blanchard, upon leaving office, decreed personal in accordance with the traditional practice of recent governors of Michigan.; The materials came from geographically distinct offices (Lansing, Detroit, Upper Peninsula, and Washington), reflected the efforts of staff ranging from policy analysts to Blanchard himself, and were preserved in varying degrees of completeness. Among these records and papers retained are: correspondence, budgets, memoranda, reports, briefing books, minutes and agenda, press releases and public statements, legal briefs and decisions, legislative bills and analyses, clippings, photographs, audiotapes, and videotapes. These materials were especially strong in documenting the Blanchard administration's investment in human capital and education, efforts to promote economic development and create jobs, interest in rebuilding Michigan's infrastructure while preserving and restoring its environmental beauty, and generally reflecting its commitment to act to promote the commonweal. The collection sheds some light on affirmative action, citizens' protection, criminal justice, the Michigan Youth Corps, and attitudes of Michigan residents as reflected in letters to the governor. The collection is weak in its coverage of Blanchard's private life and his activities related to the Democratic party.; Researchers should note that Blanchard's executive office was not a rule-bound operation, restricted by strict adherence to hierarchical functions. There was considerable sharing of responsibilities, especially at the higher levels of the administration. One finds that roles filled by a chief of staff sometimes devolved to an executive assistant or to a staff member in the Legal or Government Relations Office. Work on large recurring projects, like the budget or the state of the state address, involved participation at many levels cutting across offices. Day to day functions, like responding to issue-oriented constituent correspondence, often entailed action by the chief of staff, counsel, or a policy analyst from the Washington Office, in addition to the expected responses from the Issues and Correspondence Offices. These sorts of overlap are noted when appropriate in the finding aid.; The Chief of Staff had the primary responsibility for seeing to the efficient functioning of the executive office of the Governor. In fulfilling this responsibility, the Chief of Staff interacted with nearly every department in the executive branch of state government and with each unit within the executive office. The Chief of Staff served as a sort of gatekeeper for the Governor, apprising him of significant issues, informing him of how best to respond, and judging how effectively the response meets the issue. During Blanchard's two terms in office, he was served by four Chiefs of Staff: F. Thomas Lewand, Phillip Jourdan, Rick Cole, and Steve Weiss. Records are extant from each chief except Rick Cole; these range from the thin but rich records of Lewand to the more fulsome materials of Jourdan and Weiss.; The efforts of the Chief of Staff to facilitate frictionless functioning of state governance were augmented by able deputies, competent staff, and a cadre of Executive Assistants. Chief among these assistants were Nancy Austin-Schwartz, Bill Liebold, Carolyn Sparks, and Ron Thayer. Given that the Blanchard administration was democratic and decidedly non-hierarchical, these Executive Assistants often filled roles similar to the Chiefs of Staff. At these highest levels of administration, decisions were made and actions taken without much regard to hierarchy or job description strictures. In this free market of ideas and ability, whoever had the best idea or was best able to handle a situation attended to it. Sometimes this was the chief, sometimes one of the assistants, but just as often things were handled by other members of the executive office staff or by someone from an executive department.; The Correspondence Office was that division within the Executive Office which received, routed, and responded to constituent correspondence. In handling this task, staff in the Correspondence Office worked closely with the Issues Development Office, with head of executive branch departments, and with the Office Operations Division. Mail received by the unit was directed to specialists in Issues Development, to the appropriate state department, to the Governor's personal attention, or handled with a standard response. Given the volume of mail directed to the Governor's attention (at times reaching thousands of pieces per week) and its issues-oriented nature, one should not be surprised to find that most mail sparked a standard response. The bulk of the materials saved reflects the office's efforts to individually address constituent concerns in a timely fashion. This work originally was the domain of an autonomous Communications Unit, fell to the correspondence unit within the Operations Division for a time, until finally it was established as a separate office. Donna Kaufman oversaw this unit from 1983 until 1988 when Patrick Casey took charge.; The Government Relations Office was the unit which tracked the Governor's legislative agenda and the executive branch's reaction to bills coming out of the legislature. The Government Relations Office served as the Governor's interface with the Michigan House and Senate. In fulfilling this mission, the office had to rely upon the advice and consent of many within the executive office, specifically the Legal Division and the Issues Office (especially the intergovernmental relations unit). This reliance on diverse input was evident in Blanchard's first term as the Legal/ Legislative/Government Relations functions were all met by a single office, headed by Conrad Mallet, Jr. There exists little to document Mallet's tenure as head of this office, aside from transition files and enrolled house and senate bills. During Blanchard's second term the legislative functions fell to separate government relations, legal, and issues offices which then maintained a close working relationship. Stan Fedewa, and later, William Kandler, directed the work of the Government Relations Office at this time. The efforts of both of these men are well reflected in the extant materials.; The Issues Development Office was charged with delineating, articulating and disseminating the official Blanchard position on the topics of the day. These functions, central to the administration, insured that the issues office would be integral to the executive office. This is manifest in the myriad array of units heavily reliant on the Issues Development Office for their own operations; the Chief of Staff, Executive Assistants, Correspondence, Government Relations, Legal, and Press Offices all were in daily contact with Issues. Within the Issues Development Office, responsibilities were divided among analysts according to issue: agriculture, education, environment, human services, local government, and urban affairs. These analysts reported to the office manager, who in turn reported to the Deputy Chief of Staff, who checked that positions were consistent with the policy goals of the administration.; The Issues Development Office eventually came to house the papers of the Local Government Advisor. Connie Shorter was the senior staff member responsible for local government affairs and she moved with the unit from its original home in the Policy Department, through the Government Relations Office, back to Issues. The office also served as aegis for special projects ranging from the Cabinet Council on Human Investment, to Citizens' Protection, to the Public Investment Task Force. The issues office itself underwent numerous name changes over the years, beginning as the Policy Office, then to Planning and Program Development, before settling on Issues Development in 1987. In whatever guise, under whatever name, this office remained poised to build Blanchard's stance on any issue.; The Legal Division dealt with the many legal problems arising out of running a state government. These include, but are not limited to, issues related to administrative rules, bonds, local charters, corrections, crime, pardons, extraditions, legislation, and protection of civil rights. This rather broad array of issues eventually proved too disparate to be capably handled by the relatively small legal staff, so some duties were shunted to the Government Relations and Issues Offices. As with the government relations materials above, there are no materials from Conrad Mallet, Jr.'s tenure. Materials relating to administrative and emergency rules, bonds, local charters, pardons, and extraditions have not been retained with this collection; they are retained by the State Archives. What has been retained from the Legal Division are the papers of Mike Hodge, Legal Advisor and Special Counsel to the Governor from 1987 to 1990. Hodge's papers superbly document the legal concerns facing Blanchard during his second term.; The Operations Division's primary function within the Blanchard administration was scheduling the Governor's out-of-office events. This entailed handling the thousands of invitations for the Governor to appear, deciding which of these events merited Blanchard's presence, making local arrangements with the advance team, briefing Blanchard on the hot-button issues, and serving as liaison between local contacts and the executive office. Jill Pennington capably directed the scheduling unit for both of Blanchard's terms as governor. During one of the periodic reorganizations of the executive office, the Operations Division oversaw the correspondence unit and a speakers bureau. Both of these proved to be outside the scope of the scheduling mission and were dealt out of operations' hand in the next office restructuring. The division remained committed to placing a prepared Blanchard before congenial forums.; The Personnel Division was charged with filling all appointive positions in the executive and judicial branches of state government. These positions include all executive posts on boards, commissions, task forces and the executive office, as well as all court posts ranging from courts of appeals, to district courts, to the State Supreme Court. The Personnel Division was initially headed up by Ron Thayer. Shelby Solomon next ran the office. The papers related to personnel division during the tenure of both of these men was not forwarded with the Blanchard collection. All that remains are the papers of Gregory Morris, director of the division from 1987 to 1990. The materials Morris retained dealt exclusively with Blanchard's judicial appointments from 1983 to 1990. This narrow, but very important, stratum of information remains the only evidence on how and who Blanchard chose to extend his program.; The Press Office presented the public face for the Blanchard administration. This office coordinated press conferences, released policy statements and copies of Blanchard's speeches, arranged photo opportunities, mediated with local and state media, and generally put the best possible spin on the administration. The Press Office was the single point of fixity in the field of flux that was the Blanchard executive office. This office fell under the eye of only two directors, Rick Cole and Tom Scott, during the two gubernatorial terms. Scott was with the office almost from the outset and is largely responsible for the retention of much of the materials. He treated the Press Office as the archives of the executive office, saving newspaper clippings, press releases, speeches, audiotapes, videotapes, and photographs which document the public life of Blanchard. These materials provide the most comprehensive picture of Blanchard as politician, statesman, governor.; The Upper Peninsula Office was one of the regional offices established by the executive office to better serve a specific clientele, in this case the residents of the upper peninsula. This office brought the services of state government to the more immediate attention of upper peninsula citizens. It answered constituent correspondence, served as liaison between county officials and the state, and briefed the Governor for his trips to the upper peninsula. In short the Upper Peninsula Office provided a scaled-down version of the outreach functions offered by the executive office. Tom Baldini, director of the office, filled his post so competently that he was viewed by the executive office and citizens as the "governor" of the upper peninsula.; The Washington Office served as a clearinghouse for information on federal proposals, congressional legislation, and national policy developments. It also lobbied for the interests of the state. In pursuing these ambitious, if amorphous, interests, the Washington Office employed a staff of five to ten people over the years of Blanchard's tenure. The staff of the office worked with Blanchard, the executive office, and Michigan agency directors to develop responses to federal activity, to initiate timely communication between federal and state officials, and to arrange and conduct meetings and conferences when appropriate. Aside from the director of the Washington Office, E. Douglas Frost, who focused on budgets, taxes, and overall policy planning, each of the staff members in the office was responsible for broadly defined issues. Rosemary Freeman, who preceded Frost as office director, served as deputy director and handled issues related to training, labor, and education. James Callow was the legislative analyst charged with keeping abreast of economic and trade issues. Maura Cullen was responsible for social services, health and human services, and child welfare. Peter Kyriacopolous was the last of three analysts (Charlie Moses and Jo Ellen D'Arcy preceded him) who handled concerns related to the environment and transportation.
185	umich-bhl-9961	umich-bhl-9961.xml	Finding Aid for Frank R. Kennedy Papers	Death	1	bioghist	Frank Robert Kennedy, a distinguished legal scholar on the subject of bankruptcy law, made a lifetime of contributions to the scholarship of bankruptcy law in the United States, and to the formation of bankruptcy law and procedures. His work in the field of bankruptcy over fifty years helped shape bankruptcy law and what was to become the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 through his involvement in many of the conferences and committees that drafted the legislation for congressional debate. He was a professor of bankruptcy law at the University of Iowa and at the University of Michigan. He taught bankruptcy law and related subjects at the University of Michigan from 1961 to 1984.; Kennedy was born July 27, 1914, in Strafford, Missouri. He attended Southwest Missouri State University from 1931 to 1935 and received an A.B. and a teaching license. He received his law degree from Washington University School of Law, attending from 1936 to 1939. While at Washington University, he was first in his class all three years and was a member of the law review. It was while at Washington University that he took courses in secured transactions and debtor's estates. It was as a result of these classes that he decided to pursue his interests in bankruptcy and corporate reorganization. After completing his law degree, he received the Sterling Fellowship at Yale University Law School which allowed him to pursue a Juris Scientia Doctor (J.S.D), an advanced law degree. This was common practice at that time for those lawyers who wanted to become law professors. While at Yale, he was a protégé of J.W. Moore, a leading academician on Chapter X reorganization, and helped him revise Collier on Bankruptcy. Professor Moore also helped him gain membership to the National Bankruptcy Conference.; World War II interrupted Kennedy's work on his J.S.D. thesis. He spent the war (1943-1946) in the Navy working as a personnel officer at the Naval Air Station, Quonset Point, Rhode Island. He became a law professor at the University of Iowa in 1940 and continued to work on his J.S.D. thesis which he successfully completed in 1953. He taught at the University of Iowa from 1940 to 1942 and 1946 to 1960. His primary subjects of instruction were: bankruptcy, secured transactions, creditor's rights, restitution, trade regulation, federal jurisdiction, and constitutional law.; In addition to his academic career, he participated in the bankruptcy law profession as a member of committees and conferences whose mission it was to examine, supervise, and revise the bankruptcy laws and procedural bankruptcy rules of the United States. In this role, he has served as a member of the National Bankruptcy Conference (NBC) since 1947. The purpose of the NBC is to study bankruptcy case administration and develop needed amendments when requested by the United States House and Senate Judiciary Committees. As a member of the NBC he has acted as chairman of the Drafting Committee and member of the executive committee, 1959 and as secretary, 1981-1990. In 1959 he was also invited to become the reporter for the first Advisory Committee on Bankruptcy Rules of the Judicial Conference of the United States (ACBR), of which he was a member from 1960 to 1976. The ACBR was formed to draft rules of procedure for bankruptcy courts. This included drafting a statute that authorized the Supreme Court to promulgate procedural rules even if they conflicted with the existing Bankruptcy Act, an unusual grant of powers considering the separation of powers under the Constitution. This authority was later removed by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978. Professor Kennedy was appointed executive director of the Commission on Bankruptcy Laws (CBL) in 1970. The CBL was authorized by Congress to study the current bankruptcy laws and process. The CBL grew out of a long-standing issue in the legal community regarding the status of bankruptcy courts and whether the bankruptcy process should be an administrative rather than a judicial procedure. It held hearings all over the country regarding issues in bankruptcy law. In 1973, the CBL produced bankruptcy legislation to propose to Congress. Although the legislation did not pass that year, it helped to lay the foundation for the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978.; Professor Kennedy's relationship with the University of Michigan began in 1958 when he was a visiting professor. The university was looking for a professor in bankruptcy and reorganization after the death of professor Edgar Durfee, and Michigan persuaded him to return. He returned as a permanent professor in 1961, and remained at the university until 1984 when he was given emeritus status. He came to Michigan because of the opportunity to dedicate more of his teaching and scholarly time to bankruptcy-related issues. While at Michigan he taught creditor's rights, bankruptcy, reorganization, secured transactions, and consumer credit. He received the Distinguished Faculty Achievement award in 1971. He was named the Thomas M. Cooley Professor of Law in 1979. Over time he has contributed prodigious scholarship to the field of bankruptcy law by having almost 170 articles published in law reviews or contributed to legal treatises. In 1997 he was recognized for fifty years of membership in the Association of American University Professors.; He also served as Of Counsel to Sidley & Austin in Chicago, IL from 1983 to 1994. His civic involvement includes membership in the Ann Arbor Rotary Club where he served as president from 1979 to 1980.

	ead_id	source_filename	titleproper	Term	Matched_Times	Matched_From	Matched_Paragraph
0	umich-wcl-M-417alg	algerr_final.xml	Finding Aid for Russell A. Alger Family Papers	Hygiene	1	scopecontent	contains four sub-subseries.; The Russell A. Alger Civil War service documents sub-subseries includes original and manuscript copies of documents related to Alger's Civil War service record and actions during the conflict. The subseries also contains two postwar documents. One of two postwar documents is a list of Civil War battles in which Alger participated.; The Testimony of General Alger Before the War Investigation Committee is a typed copy of Russell A. Alger's testimony regarding the hygiene of American soldiers and camps during the summer of 1898, given before the Dodge Commission later that year. The testimony includes manuscript annotations.; The Gervasio Unson proclamation and affidavits sub-subseries contains the original Spanish text and a translated English copy of Provisional Secretary Gervasio Unson's proclamation and accusations regarding the treatment of guerillas in the Philippines and the general conduct of American officials in the islands. Several documents appended to the proclamation lend factual support to the various allegations.; The Correspondence and documents regarding Florida, Puerto Rico, and Cuba sub-subseries is made up of the following items: correspondence describing rail systems in Florida in the early 20th century; a report on the island of Puerto Rico made on March 14, 1898; letters related to military supplies during the Spanish-American War; several letters regarding the publication of Washington the Soldier by General Henry B. Carrington, including a printed copy of the book's preface; the typescript of an interview given by Russell A. Alger to Henry Campbell of the Milwaukee Journal, March 24, 1900; a booklet on regulations for import/export officers; and a printed copy of the Cuban census of 1900.;
1	umich-wcl-M-417alg	algerr_final.xml	Finding Aid for Russell A. Alger Family Papers	Colony	1	bioghist	; Russell Alexander Alger's uncle, David Baker Alger, married Margaret Richardson in the early 19th century, and by the mid-1800s the couple had settled in Richfield, Ohio. They had four children, including: Albert W. (b. 1849) and Richard Edwin ("R. E." or "Eddy") Alger (1854-1943). Albert resided in Colony, Kansas, in the early 20th century, and Richard remained in Richfield for most or all of his life. Richard married Esther D. Reynolds, a strongly spiritual woman, on October 4, 1888. The couple's children included Emma, Mary, Esther Marion, Margaret (b. 1890), and David Bruce (b. December 8, 1891). ; David Bruce Alger attended Oberlin College in the early 1910s. He graduated and had moved to Cleveland, Ohio, by 1916. He married Clare Fleeman on October 13, 1916. David Alger worked in the banking industry for much of his life and kept a series of short daily diaries from 1910 until 1973, which documented his time in Ohio, Texas, Missouri, and Florida. Clare, an aspiring poet and writer, contributed to a variety of religious and literary publications throughout her life and was a member of the St. Louis Writers' Guild in the 1940s.; David Bruce and Clare Fleeman Alger's son, Bruce Reynolds Alger, was born in Dallas, Texas, on June 12, 1918. The family moved to Webster Groves, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. Bruce Alger shared his father's love for football, played for his high school football team, and, later, on Princeton University's squad. Following his graduation from Princeton (1940) and a brief stint as a field representative for the RCA Victor Manufacturing Company, Bruce enlisted in the Army Air Corps after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. He was stationed with the Fifth Squadron at the Army Air Corps Advanced Flying School at Kerry Field, Texas, and he spent much of the war in training throughout the United States. Bruce did see action in the Pacific theater in 1945, and spent time in Japan soon after the Japanese surrender. Bruce received his discharge in November 1945, settled in Dallas, and pursued a career in real estate. He later represented Texas' 5th District in the United States House of Representatives (1955-1965). He returned to his real estate business in Dallas after a failed reelection bid.
2	umich-wcl-M-417alg	algerr_final.xml	Finding Aid for Russell A. Alger Family Papers	Death	1	scopecontent	contains eight subseries.; The Alger family correspondence subseries is divided into the seven sub-subseries: David Bruce Alger correspondence, Bruce Alger correspondence, Clare Fleeman Alger correspondence, Oberlin college correspondence and documents, Richard Edwin ("Eddy") Alger correspondence, Albert W. Alger correspondence, and Miscellaneous Alger family correspondence.; The David Bruce Alger correspondence contains numerous letters from Alger to his parents, Richard Edward Alger and Esther D. Reynolds, about David's time at Oberlin College in the early 20th century; the birth and early childhood of his son, Bruce Reynolds Alger; and about St. Louis, Missouri, in the 1920s, including descriptions of "plucky boy" and celebrated pilot Charles Lindbergh. Incoming correspondence consists of Civil War-era receipts; documents and letters of David Baker Alger; a letter from Russell A. Alger, Jr., to a sibling; a letter from an American soldier serving in France in 1917; several letters from David Bruce Alger's father written in 1943; and a 1975 letter regarding recent physical problems.; David Bruce Alger's Oberlin College correspondence and documents consist of items associated with Oberlin College in the 1910s, including ephemera. Of interest are a program from an Oberlin Glee Club concert (1912), three copies of a pamphlet for the "Eezy Cheezers," and an 1882 promotional thermometer.; The Bruce Alger correspondence consists primarily of Bruce Reynolds Alger's letters to his parents, written during his time in the Army Air Corps in the Second World War. Bruce wrote about his training at Kerry Field, Texas, and in California. In a number of letters from 1945, he described the end of the war as he experienced it in the Pacific theater. The sub-subseries also includes the annotated text of a 1937 chemistry examination from Princeton University, reports of Alger's academic progress at Princeton, and a newspaper article about his football career.; The Clare Fleeman Alger correspondence is made up of correspondence and documents related to David Bruce Alger's wife, Clare Fleeman Alger. In letters to her parents and to other friends and family, Clare described her life as a newlywed and, later, as a new mother. Miscellaneous items in this series include several religious tracts, drafts of poetry and essays, and documents regarding Bruce Reynolds Alger's academic progress at Princeton.; The Richard Edwin ("Eddy") Alger correspondence contains incoming letters, 1885-1921, written by family members to "Eddy" or "Cousin Ed." The group also includes a typed collection of several of his short poems.; In the Albert W. Alger correspondence are a number of letters written to various family members by Albert W. Alger.; The Additional Alger family correspondence, documents, and printed items consists of seven Civil War-era documents by various Alger family members, items related to the St. Louis Writers' Guild, invitations to various weddings and graduation ceremonies, a marriage certificate for Melvin C. Bowman and Mary H. Parcell, and a commemorative stamp from Lundy Island. Of note are two pages of a Civil War-era letter by John H. Houghes, who described a military engagement and the burial of a fallen soldier in the surrounding mountains. The group also contains books, pamphlets, and newspapers. Books include the Student's Reference Work Question Manual and Russell A. Alger's copy of Roswell Smith'sEnglish Grammar on the Productive System . The pamphlets are promotional material for a 1904 World's Fair exhibit, issues of various periodicals belonging to Clare Fleeman Alger (many of which contain her writing), and a copy ofAn Outline History of Richfield Township, 1809-1959 . Other items are newsletters from 1916 and 1921, with contributions by Clare Fleeman Alger; a printed map of the Alger Park neighborhood in Dallas, Texas; a newspaper clipping from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch; a program from a piano recital; and scripts for two radio-based language-learning programs (French and German).; The collection includes 40 volumes of Alger family diaries. Six volumes include a book kept by David Bruce Alger and five volumes belonging to Esther Reynolds Alger, written between 1878 and 1881. Among other materials are an early item likely composed by Richard Edwin Alger (1891), a "Note Book for Sunday School Teachers and Workers" probably kept by Esther Reynolds Alger in the late 19th century, and an Esther Reynolds Alger diary from 1900.; The remainder of the series contains material, spanning 1905-1973, that belonged to David Bruce Alger. His early diaries include a "Foxy Grandpa" notebook (1905) and a series of annual daily journals written from 1910 to 1919. Two five-year diaries chronicle 1920-1924 and 1926-1930, followed by single and two-year volumes kept between 1931 and 1937. An uninterrupted series of five-year volumes covers 1938-1975, although his entries taper off around 1973. David Bruce Alger kept his diaries regularly, composing a few lines about the weather and his activities on a near-daily basis.; The Clare Fleeman Alger manuscript submission records are a series of index cards. They are filed alphabetically by poem or essay title. Each record contains the name of a work, the publication to which the manuscript was submitted, and the date. The records pertain to works written in 1917 and from 1931 to 1943. Occasional rejection letters and drafts are interfiled within the subseries.; The Receipts subseries consists of 9 items dating to the 19th century.; In the Documents subseries are manuscript copies of correspondence regarding Alger's Civil War service, made and authorized by the War Department at a later date. The subseries also includes two typed copies of Lieutenant Philip H. Sheridan's "Account of the Battle of Booneville," and two copies of a "Statement of the Military History of Russell A. Alger."; The Photographs subseries contains four photographs. One is a portrait of Russell A. Alger's wife, Annette Henry Alger, labeled "Aunt Nettie." ; The Newspapers and clippings subseries contains a small number of short articles, dating primarily in the 1930s. The clippings relate to various members of the Alger family; for example, one item pertains to the death of Russell A. Alger's son, Frederick Moulton Alger, in 1934. The subseries also includes three full size Kansas City, Missouri, newspapers from 1883, 1897, and [1898].
3	umich-wcl-M-417alg	algerr_final.xml	Finding Aid for Russell A. Alger Family Papers	Death	1	bioghist	; John Alger (ca. 1776-1818) was a descendent of a Connecticut-based branch of the Alger family. He settled in Bethany, New York, sometime after the Revolutionary War. John married Sarah Baker in 1798; they had at least six children, including Russell (b. 1809) and David (b. 1816). The family migrated west, eventually settling in Richfield, Ohio.; After the Alger family moved to Ohio, Russell met Catherine Moulton, daughter of a prominent Massachusetts family, and the couple married in July 1832. Their children were Charles, Sybil, and Russell Alexander (1836-1907). Russell Alexander Alger was born in Lafayette Township, Ohio, on February 27, 1836. Orphaned when he was 11 years old, Russell Alexander went to work on a farm in Richfield, Ohio. He received his education at the Richfield Academy. In 1857, he obtained a position in the law firm of Wolcott & Upsord in Akron, Ohio, and received formal admittance to the bar in March 1859. Later that year, he left the legal profession for a career in the lumber industry in Grand Rapids, Michigan.; Russell A. Alger married Annette H. Henry of Grand Rapids on April 2, 1861. He enlisted in the 2nd Michigan Cavalry the same year, and received a captain's commission on September 2. He became major on April 2, 1862, lieutenant colonel of the 6th Michigan Cavalry on October 16, 1862, and colonel of the 5th Michigan Cavalry on February 7, 1863. Alger's Civil War service included his capture at the Battle of Booneville, Mississippi (and subsequent escape), and participation in the Battle of Gettysburg. Although he resigned his commission on September 20, 1864, he became brevet brigadier general of the United States Volunteers on June 11, 1864, with a promotion to major general a year later. ; After the war, Russell Alger returned to Detroit and continued his steady ascent in the lumber industry, founded a succession of firms, and became particularly noteworthy in pine lumber business. Success in the private sector led to a Republican Party nomination for the governorship of Michigan, an office he held from 1885-1887 (he declined to run for a second term). Alger remained a locally and nationally prominent figure in the Republican Party throughout the late 19th century, and contended for U.S. Presidential nominations in 1888 and 1892. He became secretary of war in William McKinley's cabinet in 1897 and served throughout the Spanish-American War, resigning on August 1, 1899. Alger received public blame for the poor hygienic conditions endured by American soldiers in both Cuba and the United States during the war, which led to outbreaks of yellow fever and other diseases.; Alger returned to Detroit and succeeded United States Senator James McMillan, serving from September 27, 1902, until his death on January 24, 1907. Russell Alexander Alger had nine children, including five who survived to adulthood: Caroline (m. Henry Sheldon), Fay (m. William Elder Bailey), Frances (m. Charles Burrall Pike), Russell Alexander, Jr. (m. Marion Jarves), and Frederick Moulton.;
4	umich-wcl-F-612and	andersonm_final.xml	Finding Aid for \nMark A. Anderson Collection of Post-Mortem Photography	Hygiene	1	bioghist	Death; American death practices underwent dramatic changes in the 19th and early 20th century, with corresponding changes in society's attitudes and sentiments related to death and bereavement. During the Victorian period, some one in five children did not reach adulthood; one in four soldiers died during the Civil War; and urbanization with its crowded conditions and poor sanitation increased morbidity and mortality rates. With the advent of modern medicine, an increase in public health and hygiene, the rise of the modern funeral industry, and other factors, the prospects of an early death decreased and the care and disposition of the corpse moved from the family to professional workers. These and other changes altered the ways people confronted the practical and psychological aspects of death and bereavement.; Memorial Photography; Post-mortem photographs are images taken of people after death. Memorial or post-mortem photography was common from the birth of the daguerreotype in 1839 to the 1930s. Deaths were frequent in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many people -- especially children -- had no photograph taken of them while living. Post-mortem photography allowed people to have a likeness of their deceased family members; they used them to remember and mourn loved ones.; The roots of memorial photography are partly in the European tradition of painted miniatures. Small portraits of the deceased were made into necklaces or pins. Often hidden beneath clothing, these personal images allowed the wearer to grieve or to remember absent family or friends. With the technological innovation of photography in the 1830s, the bereaved were able to acquire an actual likeness of their mother, father, brother, sister, friend, etc. rather than an artist's rendering.
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120	umich-wcl-M-2440whi	whittemorelow_final.xml	Finding Aid for Whittemore-Low Family Papers	Types	1	scopecontent	contains several subseries based on the original bundles in which the family papers arrived. The subseries are as follows: Elisha Peck Bundle, which spans 1831-1875; Bonticou Bundle (1778-1837); Low Bundle (1895; undated); Washington, D.C. Property Bundle (1880-1883); Property and Pension Bundle (1880-1909); Theodore Low Naval Bundle (1906-1907); Other Documents and Receipts (1729-19[02?]). The bundles contain a wide variety of document types, including military and legal documents, wills, land indentures, pension papers, receipts, and petitions. These shed light on the careers, finances, and transactions of many members of the Whittemore-Low family.; The
121	umich-wcl-M-2440whi	whittemorelow_final.xml	Finding Aid for Whittemore-Low Family Papers	Death	1	scopecontent	contains approximately 1.5 linear feet of letters, spanning 1776-1939, with the bulk concentrated around 1840-1939. It documents many branches of the family. ; William Whittemore (b. 1761) of Boston, Massachusetts, wrote several of the earliest letters to his brother Amos in London, England, in the late 1790s. These letters primarily pertain to their business producing wool and cotton cards, and address such topics as business difficulties and market conditions in Massachusetts. Other items mention family matters and news, such as the death of their father, Thomas Whittemore (October 10, 1799). Also present are several letters concerning the Hubbard family of New Haven, Connecticut. In a letter to his parents, Thomas Hubbard shared his impressions of Georgetown, South Carolina, which he called a "wicked part" of the world (December 9, 1798). He described his living situation in a "bachelor hall," and referenced his wish to "make a fortune" in the South. ; In the late 1830s, the focus of the correspondence series shifts to William Whittemore Low (1823-1877), the grandson of William Whittemore. The series, which includes both incoming and outgoing letters, documents many aspects of Low's career with the navy. In several early letters, his relatives strongly discouraged him from enlisting: His mother requested that he remain near her (August 9, 1839), and his grandfather wrote, "You will rue the day, should you enter either the Navy or Merchant Service," recommending instead that he become a shopkeeper or lawyer (December 1, 1839). Accompanying these are several recommendations from friends of Low's character and fitness for service. For the period of the 1840s and 1850s, many of the items are orders transferring Low between ships or addressing the logistics of his service. Included is a response to Low's request for detachment from the schooner Graham, signed by Jefferson Davis in his role as U.S. Secretary of War (June 8, 1853). ; Of particular interest are the letters that Low wrote during his Civil War service as commander of the gunboat Octorara from September 1863 to the end of the war. They include a large number of long letters home, some giving excellent descriptions of Low's activities in the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. In a letter dated October 30, 1863, written to his brother Henry, Low anticipated his duties at Mobile but worried, "I am very much afraid that we shall break down before operations commence." In a letter to his father several days later, he gave a good description of the features of the Octorara and noted the repairs made on it (November 11, 1863). ; A few letters during the Civil War period describe engagements and dangers faced onboard the Octorara. These include an account of an engagement on Mobile Bay on the morning of August 5, 1864, in which the Octorara fired on a Confederate ship "at anchor on the West side of the Bay in 2 fathoms water" (August 29, 1864). In an additional letter, Low described an incident in which he and his men mistook a ship for the CSS Nashville but quickly realized their error (September 14, 1864). Incoming letters to Low also shed light on the naval threat of the Confederacy. They include a copy of a letter by Edward La Croix, warning that a torpedo boat "propelled by a small engine" had just been built by Confederates at Selma, Alabama (November 20, 1864), and two letters by naval officer Edward Simpson, conveying intelligence concerning the blockade runner Heroine (March 23, 1865) and discussing the aftermath of the torpedoing of the USS Osage (March 29, 1865). In the latter, Simpson wrote, "I feel deeply for those poor fellows from the Osage and had already resolved on appropriating…one of the tin clads for hospital purposes." He also expressed hope that surgeons could transport the injured without inflicting further harm on them.; A few letters also discuss the logistics of administering oaths of allegiance to southerners. ; Also addressed in Low's Civil War correspondence are fairly routine matters, such as leaves of absences (July 2, 1864), complaints about the system of promotions (July 30, 1864), and a letter relating to the court martial of John Kennedy of the USS Oneida, who was found guilty of treating a superior officer with contempt (June 16, 1864). The series also includes official navy correspondence. Circular letters and orders address such topics as the use of alcohol onboard ships (September 16, 1862), appropriate actions in neutral waters (June 20, 1863), and the retrieval of supplies from Key West, Florida (September 11, 1863). Letters concerning Low's postwar career are much scarcer, but of particular interest is an 11-page description by Fred Patter of the capture of the pirate ship Forward (June 19, 1870).; From the 1870s on, the focus of the collection shifts to William W. Low's daughter, Grace Bonticou Low, and several other family members. Incoming letters to Grace Low begin in 1873, and her uncle, Henry Whittemore Low, and mother, Evelina P. Low, wrote much of the earliest correspondence of this period. Grace’s outgoing correspondence began in 1880 with letters to her family in New Haven about her time in Washington, D.C., where she attended a co-educational school and participated in ice skating, a tour and reception at the White House (Jan. 4, 1881), a reception of the First Lady Lucy Webb Hayes (Jan. 15, 1881), and visits to the Smithsonian Institution. Among her female acquaintances was Frances ("Fanny") Hayes, the daughter of President and Mrs. Hayes. In the mid-1880s, Low attended school in Watervliet, New York, and wrote of her social life and classes there. Her outgoing correspondence ends in 1891. Approximately 100 letters to Grace Low from her brother, Theodore H. Low, date from the mid-1890s to 1939. These regard his time at various naval hospitals in South Carolina, Rhode Island, and Washington D.C. Grace also received around 20 letters from another brother, William Low (1912-1916). Also of interest are letters written to Henry Low, mostly by his nephews, William and Theodore Low. Their correspondence with him includes accounts of their service with the Marines during the Boxer rebellion, Philippine insurrection, and the invasion of several Caribbean countries in 1907-1908. Theodore's later letters provide details of his work as an inventor, including applying for and receiving a patent for a bottle opener. ; Several additional sets of letters provide insights into various female members of the Whittemore, Low, and Parmelee families. Geraldine Whittemore Low wrote a handful of letters to her uncle, Henry W. Low, from New Haven about her recreational activities and social gatherings with friends during the 1880s. They concern Valentine’s Day, her whist club, weddings, balls, and other social events. A set of 30 letters from Julie Parmelee Marston and Mary Parmelee Low, the widow of William Whittemore Low, Jr., to their cousin, Mary E. Redfield in New Haven, relate to their trip to Switzerland between September 1923 and August, 1926. They traveled on the American Line, SS Mongolia, and after their arrival, explored Switzerland, France, and Italy. Both Mary and Julie described their surroundings, cultural events they attended, and the people that they met in Europe. Mary also wrote about her two children, Charlotte and Billy; the expenses of the trip; and several aspects of the children’s education while in Switzerland. ; The
122	umich-wcl-M-2440whi	whittemorelow_final.xml	Finding Aid for Whittemore-Low Family Papers	Death	1	scopecontent	contains 12 volumes kept by various family members between 1820 and 1886. The series consists of two volumes by Grace Bonticou Peck (1820 and 1827), two by William W. Low, Sr. (1844-1845 and [1848-1849]), one by Evelina Peck (1852-1853), one by Henry S. Parmelee (1865), one by Grace B. Low (1886), and five unattributed volumes. ; Grace B. Peck's two volumes contain poems and quotations selected for or dedicated to her by various friends. The entries address subjects such as religion, hope, death, friendship, love, solitude, and the qualities of women. Most of the entries are signed, although few are dated or indicate location. The books kept by William W. Low, Sr., include an early commonplace book and a logbook for the USS Mohican. The latter volume comprises daily entries recording weather, barometer readings, sails set, the use of steam power, and the ship's longitude and latitude. The entries also contain records of minor transgressions, desertions, courts martial, and punishments. Detailed descriptions of the geography of Mazatlan, Altata, Pichilingue Bay, and San Blas, Mexico, are present on pages 35-41. The logbook also records the arrivals and departures of foreign ships and shore parties, the receipt of food and supplies, and the transfer of sailors between ships and to hospitals. Of particular interest is the description of the Mohican's engagement with the pirate ship Forward on June 16-19, 1870 (pages 58-61). The Evelina Peck volume is an album of messages from various friends and acquaintances, including quotations and several original poems. Most of the entries are reminiscences about friendship or expressions of sorrow over an imminent departure. The majority of entries are signed and dated; many mark "New Haven" as their location. The last entry is an ink drawing of a harp and pipe with no date or signature. The entries are in no particular order. Henry S. Parmelee's diary records very brief entries for eight days of Civil War service with the 1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment in March and April 1865. Grace Bonticou Low’s diary dates from January to June 1886, and describes her life as a 21-year old woman staying with her aunt Anna and uncle James in Washington, D.C. Her entries reflect almost entirely on social events, dances, masquerades, visits, theater performances, and church attendance. She often wrote of particular female friends and of the military men she encountered in Washington.; The
123	umich-wcl-M-2440whi	whittemorelow_final.xml	Finding Aid for Whittemore-Low Family Papers	Death	1	scopecontent	contains approximately two linear feet of materials related to the history of the Whittemore-Low family. Items pertain to various lines of the family, including the Whittemores, Lows, Pecks, Bonticous, and Parmelees. Included are newspaper clippings, pamphlets, manuscript records of birth and death dates for various family members, and miscellaneous material giving biographical information. Also present are two letterbooks kept by Thomas J. Whittemore on genealogical matters and inquiries. ; The
124	umich-wcl-M-3359.3woc	wochnac_final.xml	Finding Aid for Charles Wochna Letters	Death	1	scopecontent	This collection contains 27 letters that Lieutenant Charles Wochna wrote to his parents while serving with the United States Marine Corps in Korea and Japan during the Korean War. Though only one letter is fully dated (January 1, 1954), the letters cover much of his time abroad. ; While stationed abroad, Wochna attended artillery training, participated in several amphibious landing exercises, and constructed bunkers. In their spare time, the American soldiers often played volleyball or other sports. A few letters, written late in the war, discuss Wochna's anticipation of returning home via Japan; in the March 14 letter is a list of items he wished to be shipped to him, and some sketches of emblems that were on his desired clothing. In addition to news of life in Korea, he also mentioned taking periods of rest and relaxation in Japan, and reported purchasing souvenirs in both countries.; Wochna occasionally commented directly on military operations, detailing his experiences upon landing on an unidentified beach (May 15), mentioning the proximity of a peace delegation (August 7), and relaying news of recent operations. In a letter dated June 11, he summarized two schools of thought regarding the presence of American military operations in the country. Other letters refer to the general progress of the war. Wochna's correspondence also reflects his ongoing concern for family members and friends who remained in the United States. He often responded to news of his family, including sadness upon hearing of his grandfather's death (June 14). Wochna frequently offered advice to his brother Jerry, then a student, and requested news about the current football seasons of the Cleveland Browns, Notre Dame Fighting Irish, and Ohio State Buckeyes. He attempted to follow the teams while stationed abroad.

	ead_id	source_filename	titleproper	Term	Matched_Times	Matched_From	Matched_Paragraph
0	umich-scl-ams0025	ams.0025_20221006_152051_UTC__ead.xml	Maria C. Lanzar-Carpio Papers	Annex	1	bioghist	Dr. Maria Lanzar-Carpio was a Political Science PhD from the University of Michigan. She was particularly interested in the Anti-Imperialist League and the United States' efforts to annex the Philippines. Her disseration, "The Anti-Imperialist League" was completed in 1928. She went on to teach political science at the University of the Philippines. She later married Victorio Carpio, an attorney. The papers she gathered in her dissertation research were given to her by Herbert Welsh, a fellow political reformer, whose papers are also in this library's collection.
1	umich-scl-ams0059	ams.0059_20221006_152030_UTC__ead.xml	Luke Wright papers	Indigenous	1	scopecontent	The documents sub-series include field reports from various civil government servants in areas outside of Manila. Clippings include an undated supplement from the Manila Times Newspaper. In the photographs sub-series a photograph of the three Philippines Commissioners Luke Wright, William Taft and Henry Ide is included along with two albums of photographs of various events and places in the Philippines. Album One includes interior and exterior views of Malacanan Palace, Wright's official residence in Manila. Album 2 is an assortment of 65 pictures of Philippine landscapes, architecture and indigenous peoples.
2	umich-scl-ams0066	ams.0066_20221006_151503_UTC__ead.xml	Lowell, Arthur J. papers	Philippine Islands	1	bioghist	Corporal Lowell was stationed near Baliuag, Bulacan Province, Luzon (Philippine Islands) from approximately 1899 through [April] 1901. Lowell, a volunteer from Baker City, Oregon, met Iva Hutchinson through her brother, Will, who was also serving in the 35th Infantry. Iva Hutchinson, occupation unknown, lived in Union, Oregon, but also spent significant time in the San Francisco area.
3	umich-scl-ams0066	ams.0066_20221006_151503_UTC__ead.xml	Lowell, Arthur J. papers	Dead	1	scopecontent	Corporal Arthur J. Lowell, Company "D", 35th Infantry, U.S. Army, wrote these ten letters to Iva Hutchinson between February 14, 1900 and January 10, 1901. Lowell writes of going into the mountains to "clear out insurectos," the number of dead and captured, the use of water torture on Filipino prisoners, eating bats, his plan to translate into English the history of the Philippines that had been written on shells, the upcoming U.S. Presidential election, and a continuous thread concerning when he would be returning home. Also included are two letters from Will Hutchinson to his sister Iva Hutchinson. These are dated September 8, 1899 and May 27, 1900.
4	umich-scl-ams0067	ams.0067_20221006_151857_UTC__ead.xml	John J. Pershing Papers	Moro	1	bioghist	John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB (Hon) (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States, the highest rank in the United States Army. A career Army officer, Pershing served in the Philippines as an adjutant general and engineer officer, collector of customs, and cavalry squadron commander, participating in actions against the Tausug (Moros), 1899-1903. He was later appointed governor of Moro Province and commander of the Department of Mindanao, 1909-1913. Pershing was well-known for his command of the American Expeditionary Forces in France during World War I, 1917-1919. He began his Army service in the Spanish American War in 1898 as a First Lieutenant. In June 1901, he served as Commander of Camp Vicars in Lanao, Philippines, and was cited for bravery at Lake Lanao.
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21	umich-scl-umpresspasternak	UM_Press_Pasternak_20221006_152244_UTC__ead.xml	Finding aid for\n\nUniversity of Michigan Press Pasternak Records, 1958-1988	Philippine Islands	1	bioghist	The University of Michigan Press was founded in 1930 with a goal of publishing books that would impart important scholarly research. In the late 1950s, as a reaction to Cold War era politics, the Press embarked on a program to publish Russian language materials. Their first undertaking was Boris Pasternak's Dr. Zhivago . Although Dr. Zhivago had been published in many languages, it had never before been printed in its original Russian. ; A lengthy debate began between the Press and two other publishers. Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore, an Italian publisher, claimed to hold copyright as they had published an edition in 1957. In New York City, Pantheon Books, Inc. claimed to hold the rights to publications of the novel in English, having made previous arrangements with Feltrinelli. In February 1959, the Michigan Press entered into a licensing agreement with Feltrinelli and a similar agreement with Pantheon. Michigan was granted the right to distribute the novel in the United States, its territories and dependencies, in Canada, and in all other countries of the Western Hemisphere, the Philippine Islands, and Japan. Feltrinelli would publish in Europe, the Middle East, and all other countries not included in the agreement.; Subsequent to the Dr. Zhivago publication, the Michigan Press published a translation of Pasternak's poetry. Russian-born Eugene M. Kayden, then an economics professor at the University of the South, undertook the translation. A few years later, Boris Filippov and Gleb Struve edited a three volume set of Pasternak's Collected Works .; The collection was acquired by the Special Collections Library in June 1990.
22	umich-scl-weber	weber_20221006_151638_UTC__ead.xml	Finding Aid for the Edward C. Weber Papers,	Types	1	scopecontent	The Edward C. Weber Papers consists of Weber's correspondence with organizations, publishers, researchers, associates, family, and friends, along with biographical materials created for his retirement and memorial services. The collection provides a snapshot of the Joseph A. Labadie Collection and his work there for a 40 year period (1960-2000), as well as a portrait of his personal relationships with friends and family from 1949 to 2005.; The Biographical Materials series contains materials from Weber's retirement celebration and memorial service. The first folder contains past articles and correspondence on paper stock, reprinted for Weber's memorial service in 2006. The second set of items relate to Weber's retirement in 2000. This includes a flyer for his retirement celebration, articles about his retirement, and copied certificates of commendation. In addition, two framed items of commendation are housed in an oversized box.; The Correspondence series makes up the majority of the collection and is comprised of 27 linear feet of paper material housed in 54 manuscript boxes, foldered alphabetically by correspondent or corresponding organization. Individual letters, cards, photographs and other types of written communication are arranged chronologically within each subject's folder(s). The majority of folders are dedicated to outreach by Weber to various radical groups and individuals soliciting material donations to contribute to the Labadie Collection. His written responses to reference inquiries for items within the Labadie Collection make up another significant segment of the series. Most of these materials are typewritten letters officially sent on behalf of the Labadie Collection and University of Michigan Special Collections. Some later letters were written by Labadie Collection assistants during Weber's time there and with his knowledge. Since Weber never used email, his letters sent on behalf of the Labadie Collection were typed on a manual or electric typewriter. There are occasional handwritten notations on some of these letters and a few emails printed out so he could read them. Other folders in the series contain personal correspondence from friends, family, and other associates. These items are made up mostly of handwritten notes, postcards, greeting cards, newspaper clippings, printouts of emails, occasional photographs, and other miscellaneous items. Many of the folders were removed from the general Labadie correspondence files in 2008 and a listing was made of them at that time. The rest of the series is made up of personal correspondence Weber stored in his home.; Within the series are several notable, lengthy correspondence partners including Theodore Adams (1950-2004, 21 folders), James Q. Belden (1952-2000, 11 folders), George Nick (1949-1991, 12 folders), Curtis and Clarice Rodgers (1961-2005, 18 folders), and Henry Van Dyke (1950-2004, 12 folders). The series also includes correspondence from notable individuals such as civil rights activist Malcolm X, graphic novelist Harvey Pekar, former Secretary of State Eliot Abrams, the White Panther Party, among many others.; Abbreviations:; LC=Labadie Collection ECW=Edward C. Weber
23	umich-scl-welsh	welsh_20221006_151818_UTC__ead.xml	Herbert Welsh Papers	Indigenous	2	bioghist	Herbert Welsh (1851-1941) was a political reformer and indigenous peoples rights' activist in United States. Welsh was born in Pennsylvania, the youngest of 8 children. Before becoming involved in politics, Welsh spent his early life immersed in the study of art with the intention of working as an artist. After a time, he became involved in humanitarian causes and rights reform. In 1882, he founded the Indian Rights Association, which was a group of white Pennsylvanians working on behalf of American indigenous peoples. In 1890, he became involved in the fight against political corruption by joining the Civil Service Reform Association of Pennsylvania as well as the National Civil Service Reform League. During his career, he also authored a number of publications discussing the rights of Native Americans with a particular majority concerning the Great Sioux Nation. In addition to addressing political corruption and human rights in America, Welsh also had a keen interest in anti-imperialism. He vocally disavowed the United States' involvement in the Spanish American War as well as the country's involvement in the Philippines.
24	umich-scl-welsh	welsh_20221006_151818_UTC__ead.xml	Herbert Welsh Papers	Native	1	bioghist	Herbert Welsh (1851-1941) was a political reformer and indigenous peoples rights' activist in United States. Welsh was born in Pennsylvania, the youngest of 8 children. Before becoming involved in politics, Welsh spent his early life immersed in the study of art with the intention of working as an artist. After a time, he became involved in humanitarian causes and rights reform. In 1882, he founded the Indian Rights Association, which was a group of white Pennsylvanians working on behalf of American indigenous peoples. In 1890, he became involved in the fight against political corruption by joining the Civil Service Reform Association of Pennsylvania as well as the National Civil Service Reform League. During his career, he also authored a number of publications discussing the rights of Native Americans with a particular majority concerning the Great Sioux Nation. In addition to addressing political corruption and human rights in America, Welsh also had a keen interest in anti-imperialism. He vocally disavowed the United States' involvement in the Spanish American War as well as the country's involvement in the Philippines.
25	umich-scl-welsh	welsh_20221006_151818_UTC__ead.xml	Herbert Welsh Papers	Death	1	abstract	Chiefly correspondence and documents relating to efforts opposing American imperialism in the Philippines. Many items relate to the Anti-Imperialist League's efforts to document American atrocities, especially in the use of the so-called "water cure," to an inquiry into the death of Private Edward C. Richter, as well as Herbert Welsh's 1903 demand for publication of General N. A. Mile's report on conditions in the Philippines. Also included is correspondence on organizational matters of the League, fundraising, the editorial management of City and State, other causes, and personal affairs. 765 items.

Automation Tool for matching terms in local XML files¶

Import packages and settings¶

Note on Packages¶

Parsing XML to DataFrame¶

In this script, we cater to two common types of XML files:¶

1. XML files without namespaces.¶

2. XML files with namespaces.¶

Depending on the structure of your XML files and the namespaces used, you might need to tailor the respective functions. Please adjust these functions according to the type of XML files you are working with to ensure optimal results.¶

Defining Namespace Prefix and URI¶

An example: Parsing Single XML File¶

Parsing Multiple XML Files¶

Selecting and Parsing XML Files from Local Directories¶

Exporting DataFrames to CSV Files¶

Term Matching¶

Matching Results and Visualizations¶

Identifying Elements with the Highest Term Occurrences¶

Visualizing Term Frequencies Across Subsections¶

Visualizing Source Frequencies¶

	Term	Total_Frequency	DataFrame
6	Death	52	Bentley
20	Philippine Islands	35	Bentley
7	Dwellings	34	Bentley
18	Native	17	Bentley
11	Igorot	15	Bentley
...	...	...	...
9	Hanging	1	Bentley
8	Executions	1	Bentley
21	Plantations	1	Bentley
2	Colonialism	1	Bentley
0	Benevolent Assimilation	1	Bentley

	Term	Total_Frequency	DataFrame
6	Death	48	Clements
3	Colonial	16	Clements
19	Native	13	Clements
8	Enemy	12	Clements
21	Philippine Islands	12	Clements
...	...	...	...
11	Hanged	1	Clements
18	Massacre	1	Clements
17	Lepers	1	Clements
1	Bone	1	Clements
0	Balangiga Massacre	1	Clements

	Term	Total_Frequency	DataFrame
2	Death	6	SCRC
1	Dead	3	SCRC
5	Indigenous	3	SCRC
6	Moro	3	SCRC
9	Native	3	SCRC
...	...	...	...
0	Annex	1	SCRC
4	Execution	1	SCRC
7	Moro Rebellion	1	SCRC
8	Moros	1	SCRC
12	Type	1	SCRC